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      Impacto de las asincronías en el pronóstico del paciente ventilado Translated title: Impact of asynchronies on the prognosis of the ventilated patient Translated title: Impacto das assincronias no prognóstico do paciente ventilado

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          Abstract

          Resumen: La alta incidencia de asincronías paciente-ventilador puede modificar el pronóstico del paciente. A pesar de tener una incidencia reportada de 10 al 85%, las asincronías no se diagnostican con frecuencia. Éstas ocurren cuando existe un desajuste con respecto a las demandas de tiempo, flujo, volumen o presión del sistema respiratorio del paciente y el ventilador; se clasifican de acuerdo con la fase del ciclo respiratorio en donde ocurra. Los tipos más frecuentes son: esfuerzo inefectivo (EI) y doble disparo (DD). Están asociadas con peores resultados en general, mayor disconfort y disnea, que llevan al aumento del gasto energético y patrón diafragmático anormal asociado con lesión de los músculos respiratorios, así como con mayor riesgo de delirio, el cual culmina en la dificultad para el destete, mayor uso de sedación y bloqueadores neuromusculares, ventilación mecánica prolongada, mayor estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), mayor necesidad de traqueostomía y mortalidad. Actualmente se desconoce si la detección y tratamiento oportuno de las asincronías pueden ayudar a mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes o representan un marcador de gravedad derivado de la alteración clínica respiratoria y de las condiciones mecánicas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: High incidence of patient-ventilator asynchrony could modify patient prognostic. Although there is a 10 to 85% rate incidence they are not frequently diagnosed. Asynchronies occur when there is a mismatch between time, flow, volume and pressure patient respiratory demands and ventilator setting, they are classified according to respiratory cycle time, most common types are ineffective effort (IE) and double triggering (DD). Asynchrony is associated to worst outcomes, related to discomfort and dyspnea that leads to increasing wasting expenditure energy and abnormal diaphragmatic pattern associated to respiratory muscles damage as well as increasing risk of delirium which results in difficult weaning, deep sedation and use of neuromuscular blockers, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, longer stay in UCI, increasing need of tracheotomy and higher mortality. There is not enough evidence that supports if detection and treatment of asynchronies may improve outcomes or if they belong to a severity marker that represents respiratory and mechanical alterations.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: A alta incidência de assincronias paciente-ventilador pode modificar o prognóstico do paciente. Apesar de ter uma incidência relatada de 10 a 85%, eles não são diagnosticados com frequência. As assincronias ocorrem quando há uma incompatibilidade em relação às demandas de tempo, fluxo, volume ou pressão do sistema respiratório do paciente e do ventilador, são classificadas de acordo com a fase do ciclo respiratório em que ocorre e os tipos mais frequentes são esforço ineficaz (EI) e duplo disparo (DD). A assincronia está associada a piores resultados em geral, maior desconforto e dispnéia que levam ao aumento do gasto energético e padrão diafragmático anormal associado à lesão muscular respiratória, além de aumento do risco de delirium que culmina com dificuldade no desmame, aumento do uso de sedação e bloqueadores ventilação mecânica neuromuscular prolongada, permanência prolongada na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), maior necessidade de traqueostomia e mortalidade. Atualmente, não se sabe se a detecção e o tratamento oportuno das assincronias podem ajudar a melhorar o prognóstico dos pacientes ou representar um marcador de gravidade derivado de distúrbios clínicos respiratórios e condições mecânicas.

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          Most cited references20

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          Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation.

          The incidence, pathophysiology, and consequences of patient-ventilator asynchrony are poorly known. We assessed the incidence of patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation and we identified associated factors. Sixty-two consecutive patients requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h were included prospectively as soon as they triggered all ventilator breaths: assist-control ventilation (ACV) in 11 and pressure-support ventilation (PSV) in 51. Gross asynchrony detected visually on 30-min recordings of flow and airway pressure was quantified using an asynchrony index. Fifteen patients (24%) had an asynchrony index greater than 10% of respiratory efforts. Ineffective triggering and double-triggering were the two main asynchrony patterns. Asynchrony existed during both ACV and PSV, with a median number of episodes per patient of 72 (range 13-215) vs. 16 (4-47) in 30 min, respectively (p=0.04). Double-triggering was more common during ACV than during PSV, but no difference was found for ineffective triggering. Ineffective triggering was associated with a less sensitive inspiratory trigger, higher level of pressure support (15 cmH(2)O, IQR 12-16, vs. 17.5, IQR 16-20), higher tidal volume, and higher pH. A high incidence of asynchrony was also associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (7.5 days, IQR 3-20, vs. 25.5, IQR 9.5-42.5). One-fourth of patients exhibit a high incidence of asynchrony during assisted ventilation. Such a high incidence is associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. Patients with frequent ineffective triggering may receive excessive levels of ventilatory support.
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            Asynchronies during mechanical ventilation are associated with mortality.

            This study aimed to assess the prevalence and time course of asynchronies during mechanical ventilation (MV). Prospective, noninterventional observational study of 50 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) beds equipped with Better Care™ software throughout MV. The software distinguished ventilatory modes and detected ineffective inspiratory efforts during expiration (IEE), double-triggering, aborted inspirations, and short and prolonged cycling to compute the asynchrony index (AI) for each hour. We analyzed 7,027 h of MV comprising 8,731,981 breaths. Asynchronies were detected in all patients and in all ventilator modes. The median AI was 3.41 % [IQR 1.95-5.77]; the most common asynchrony overall and in each mode was IEE [2.38 % (IQR 1.36-3.61)]. Asynchronies were less frequent from 12 pm to 6 am [1.69 % (IQR 0.47-4.78)]. In the hours where more than 90 % of breaths were machine-triggered, the median AI decreased, but asynchronies were still present. When we compared patients with AI > 10 vs AI ≤ 10 %, we found similar reintubation and tracheostomy rates but higher ICU and hospital mortality and a trend toward longer duration of MV in patients with an AI above the cutoff. Asynchronies are common throughout MV, occurring in all MV modes, and more frequently during the daytime. Further studies should determine whether asynchronies are a marker for or a cause of mortality.
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              Clusters of ineffective efforts during mechanical ventilation: impact on outcome.

              The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ineffective efforts (IEs), specifically clusters of IEs, during mechanical ventilation on the outcome of critically ill patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mccmmc
                Medicina crítica (Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica)
                Med. crít. (Col. Mex. Med. Crít.)
                Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica A.C. (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                2448-8909
                December 2019
                : 33
                : 6
                : 328-333
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Juárez de México orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos México
                Article
                S2448-89092019000600328 S2448-8909(19)03300600328
                9ef84c41-c3d4-4ff9-94b4-0219770cbc43

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 September 2019
                : 02 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Temas de revisión

                previsão,Asincronías,ventilación mecánica,pronóstico,Asynchrony,mechanical ventilation,prognostic,Assincronias,ventilação mecânica

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