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      Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition of Propolis

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          Abstract

          Propolis is a honeybee product with broad clinical applications. Current literature describes that propolis is collected from plant resins. From a systematic database search, 241 compounds were identified in propolis for the first time between 2000 and 2012; and they belong to such diverse chemical classes as flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenenes, stilbenes, lignans, coumarins, and their prenylated derivatives, showing a pattern consistent with around 300 previously reported compounds. The chemical characteristics of propolis are linked to the diversity of geographical location, plant sources and bee species.

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          Recent trends and important developments in propolis research

          The newest developments in propolis pharmacological research are summarized. The problem regarding biological studies, caused by the chemical variability of propolis, is discussed. The most important trends and developments in recent propolis research are outlined: biological studies performed with chemically characterized samples, bioassay-guided studies of active principles and comparative biological studies of propolis of different origin and chemical composition. These types of studies are extremely valuable with respect to propolis standardization and practical applications in therapy. They will allow scientists to connect a particular chemical propolis type to a specific type of biological activity and formulate recommendations for practitioners.
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            Recent Progress of Propolis for Its Biological and Chemical Compositions and Its Botanical Origin

            Propolis is the generic name given to the product obtained from resinous substances, which is gummy and balsamic and which is collected by bees from flowers, buds, and exudates of plants. It is a popular folk medicine possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. These biological properties are related to its chemical composition and more specifically to the phenolic compounds that vary in their structure and concentration depending on the region of production, availability of sources to collect plant resins, genetic variability of the queen bee, the technique used for production, and the season in which propolis is produced. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journal, and several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the chemical compounds and biological activity of propolis. This paper presents a review on the publications on propolis and patents of applications and biological constituents of propolis.
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              Phenolic compounds from Brazilian propolis with pharmacological activities.

              Four compounds were isolated from Brazilian propolis. They are identified as: (1) 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (PHCA), (2) 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyrane (DCBEN), (3) 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), and (4) 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopyran (DPB). The structures of the compounds were determined by MS and NMR techniques. All compounds were assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. Compounds (1) to (4) were active against T. cruzi. Except (1), all compounds presented activity against the bacteria tested. When compounds (1)-(3) were tested in the guinea pig isolated trachea, all induced a relaxant effect similar to propolis extract.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: External Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                26 November 2014
                December 2014
                : 19
                : 12
                : 19610-19632
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: asmallcaths@ 123456163.com (S.H.); lgzcplyx@ 123456aliyun.com (C.-P.Z.); kaiwang628@ 123456gmail.com (K.W.)
                [2 ]Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: george.li@ 123456sydney.edu.au (G.Q.L.); flhu@ 123456zju.edu.cn (F.-L.H.); Tel./Fax: +61-2-9351-4435 (G.Q.L.); +86-571-8898-2952 or +86-571-8898-2840 (F.-L.H.).
                Article
                molecules-19-19610
                10.3390/molecules191219610
                6271758
                25432012
                9f0a5c32-bf23-45d5-bec5-43116083a404
                © 2014 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 October 2014
                : 13 November 2014
                : 20 November 2014
                Categories
                Review

                propolis,honeybee,flavonoids,phenypropanoids,terpenenes,plant origin

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