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      Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea

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          Abstract

          A total of 9,281 larval chigger mites were collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong-gun, Gyeonggi-do (Province) (2,754 mites from 30 small mammals), Asan city, Chungcheongnam-do (3,358 mites from 48 mammals), and Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (3,169 for 62 mammals) from April-November 2009 in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) and were identified to species. Leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant species in Hwaseong (95.8%) and Asan (61.2%), while Leptotrombidium scutellare was the predominant species collected from Jangseong (80.1%). Overall, larval chigger mite indices decreased from April (27.3) to June (4.9), then increased in September (95.2) and to a high level in November (169.3). These data suggest that L. pallidum and L. scutellare are the primary vectors of scrub typhus throughout their range in Korea. While other species of larval chigger mites were also collected with some implications in the transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, they only accounted for 11.2% of all larval chigger mites collected from small mammals.

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          Geographical distribution and relative abundance of vectors of scrub typhus in the Republic of Korea.

          Man-Gang Lee, H. Kim, J. Seo … (2009)
          A survey to determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of potential vectors of scrub typhus was conducted from October to November 2006 at 13 localities throughout the Republic of Korea. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 97.6% (80/82) of all rodents, while only 2 Myodes regulus (2/82) were collected. A total of 10,860 chiggers were collected from A. agrarius belonging to 4 genera and 8 species, while only Walchia fragilis (40) was collected from Myodes regulus. Leptotrombidium pallidum (8,137; 74.9%), a vector of scrub typhus, was the predominant species collected from A. agrarius followed by Leptotrombidium scutellare (2,057, 18.9%), Leptotrombidium palpale (279; 2.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (232; 2.1%), and Leptotrombidium zetum (79; 0.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (58; 0.5%), Euschoengastica koreaensis (16; 0.1%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (2; < 0.1%). L. pallidum was the predominant chigger collected at collection sites in Gangwon (100%), Gyeonggi (87.2%), Chungnam (100%), Chungbuk (100%), Jeonbuk (73.9%), Jeonnam (77.0%), and Gyeongbuk (66.1%) provinces, whereas L. scutellare was the predominant chigger collected in Gyeongnam province (77.9%) and Jeju Island (62.3%). Data suggest a correlation between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus in Korea.
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            Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, in a novel mite species, Eushoengastia koreaensis, in Korea.

            B. Song, Kyung Park, E Choi … (2011)
            To identify potential vector species of scrub typhus in the Republic of Korea (ROK), chigger mites were harvested from wild rodents captured at nine localities in October 2005. The bodies of the chigger mites were individually punctured with a fine pin, squeezed out internal contents, and examined for Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction. The exoskeleton of associated chiggers was mounted on glass slides with polyvinylalcohol (PVA) medium for identification. Among 830 individuals belonging to 4 genera and 14 species, O. tsutsugamushi was detected from 22 chiggers of six species, with an overall infection rate of 2.7%. The infection rate was highest for Leptotrombidium palpale (5.3%), followed by Neotrombicula japonica (4.3%), Leptotrombidium scutellare (3.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (3.6%), Eushoengastia koreaensis (1.9%), and Leptotrombidium pallidum (1.5%). This study first reported O. tsutsugamushi infection from N. japonica and E. koreaensis larvae in the ROK. The population densities of L. pallidum (33.4 chiggers/rodent), historically confirmed as a primary vector of scrub typhus in the ROK, were high, whereas its infection rate was relatively low (1.5%). However, E. koreaensis was only collected from 154 individuals at seven collection sites and its infection rate was demonstrated relatively high (mean 1.9%). Additional studies are needed to determine the role of vector species in the epidemiology of scrub typhus.
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              Serosurveillance of scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and analysis of the relative abundance of chiggers from mammals examined.

              David I. Lee, H. Kim, Alexander L. Richards … (2010)
              Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Korean J Parasitol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Korean J. Parasitol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KJP
                Title: The Korean Journal of Parasitology
                Publisher: The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine
                ISSN (Print): 0023-4001
                ISSN (Electronic): 1738-0006
                Publication date (Print): April 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2014
                Volume: 52
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 225-229
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
                [2 ]Department of Clinical Pathology, Gwangju Health College, Gwangju 506-701, Korea.
                [3 ]Institute of Global Disease Control and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
                [4 ]Division of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Health, Osong 363-951, Korea.
                [5 ]5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, USA.
                [6 ]Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author ( wjjang@ 123456kku.ac.kr )

                †In-Yong Lee and Hyeon-Je Song contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225
                PMC ID: 4028465
                PubMed ID: 24850971
                SO-VID: 9f470619-69ba-4748-9db3-ae4e23d4e7bf
                Copyright © © 2014, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 October 2013
                Date revision received : 24 February 2014
                Date accepted : 25 February 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: apodemus agrarius,leptotrombidium pallidum,leptotrombidium scutellare,chigger mite,chigger index
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: apodemus agrarius, leptotrombidium pallidum, leptotrombidium scutellare, chigger mite, chigger index

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