Predicting environmentally suitable areas for  Anopheles superpictus  Grassi ( s.l. ),  Anopheles maculipennis  Meigen ( s.l .) and  Anopheles sacharovi  Favre (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran

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Abstract

Background

Malaria is an important mosquito-borne disease, transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. The aim of this study was to gather all records of three main malaria vectors in Iran during the last decades, and to predict the current distribution and the environmental suitability for these species across the country.

Methods

All published documents on An. superpictus Grassi ( s.l.), An. maculipennis Meigen ( s.l.) and An. sacharovi Favre during 1970–2016 in Iran were obtained from different online data bases and academic libraries. A database was created in ArcMap 10.3. Ecology of these species was analyzed and the ecological niches were predicted using MaxEnt model.

Results

Anopheles superpictus ( s.l.) is the most widespread malaria vector in Iran, and exists in both malaria endemic and non-endemic areas. Whereas An. maculipennis ( s.l.) is reported from the northern and northwestern parts, Anopheles sacharovi is mostly found in the northwestern Iran, although there are some reports of this species in the western, southwestern and eastern parts. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for training and testing data was calculated as 0.869 and 0.828, 0.939 and 0.915, and 0.921 and 0.979, for An. superpictus ( s.l.), An. maculipennis ( s.l.) and An. sacharovi, respectively. Jackknife test showed the environmental variable with highest gain in the predicting power of the model when used in isolation was annual precipitation for An. superpictus ( s.l.) and An. maculipennis ( s.l.), and precipitation of the driest quarter for An. sacharovi.

Conclusions

Despite this range, global warming may increase the potential risk for malaria transmission in some cleared-up areas, where these proven vectors are active. Mapping and prediction of spatial/temporal distribution of these vectors will be beneficial for decision makers to be aware of malaria transmission risk, especially in the western parts of the country.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2973-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 39

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The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

Marianne Sinka, Michael J Bangs, Sylvie Manguin … (2011)

Background This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles gambiae is one of four DVS within the An. gambiae complex, the others being An. arabiensis and the coastal An. merus and An. melas. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed. Results A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method. Conclusions The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An. (Cel.) funestus*, An. (Cel.) gambiae, An. (Cel.) melas, An. (Cel.) merus, An. (Cel.) moucheti and An. (Cel.) nili*, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: An. (Anopheles) atroparvus, An. (Ano.) labranchiae, An. (Ano.) messeae, An. (Ano.) sacharovi, An. (Cel.) sergentii and An. (Cel.) superpictus*. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.

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Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae)

SHAHYAD AZARI-HAMIDIAN, RALF HARBACH (2009)

Taxonomic keys are provided for the identification of the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of Iranian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), which include 64 species and three subspecies belonging to seven genera. The keys also include 12 species recorded in old literature that have not been collected recently, but are known to occur elsewhere in southwestern Asia. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is not known to occur in Iran, but it is included in the keys because it has been established in many countries in the region during recent decades, and it is medically important. Newly recorded species, new characters, drawings illustrating characters used in the keys, and some notes are included to aid the identification of the species. The keys are based on recently collected specimens and museum collections, as well as taxonomic literature.

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Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran.

Hassan Vatandoost, Zabihollah Charrahy, Ahmad Hanafi-Bojd … (2011)

Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran. The last studies on Iranian mosquitoes show 31 Anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes, eight of them are reported to play role in malaria transmission. The objective of this study is to provide a reference for malaria vectors of Iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different climatic zones. Shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of Iran were provided by National Cartographic Center. Data on distribution and seasonal activity of malaria vectors were obtained from different sources and a databank in district level was created in Excel 2003, inserted to the shape files and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 to provide the maps. Anopheles culicifacies Giles s.l., Anopheles dthali Patton, Anopheles fluviatilis James s.l., Anopheles maculipennis Meigen s.l., Anopheles sacharovi Favre, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Anopheles superpictus Grassi have been introduced as primary and secondary malaria vectors and Anopheles pulcherrimus Theobald as a suspected vector in Iran. Temporal distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is restricted to April-December in northern Iran, however mosquitoes can be found during the year in southern region. Spatial distribution of malaria vectors is different based on species, thus six of them (except for Anopheles maculipennis s.l. and Anopheles sacharovi) are reported from endemic malarious area in southern and southeastern areas of Iran. The climate of this part is usually warm and humid, which makes it favorable for mosquito rearing and malaria transmission. Correlation between climate conditions and vector distribution can help to predict the potential range of activity for each species and preparedness for malaria epidemics. Copyright © 2011 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd: aahanafibojd@tums.ac.ir

Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat: sedaghmm@sina.tums.ac.ir

Hassan Vatandoost: hvatandoost1@yahoo.com

Shahyad Azari-Hamidian: azari@gums.ac.ir

Kamran Pakdad: kpakdad@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 3 July 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 3 July 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 382

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, GRID grid.411705.6, Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0166 0922, GRID grid.411705.6, Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, , Tehran University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0571 1549, GRID grid.411874.f, Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, , Guilan University of Medical Sciences, ; Rasht, Iran

[4 ]GRID grid.411600.2, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Paramedical School, , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ; Tehran, Iran

Article

Publisher ID: 2973

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2973-7

PMC ID: 6029181

PubMed ID: 29970145

SO-VID: 9f4bb13a-7021-4745-ad7e-7323020a0e7c

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 27 February 2018

Date accepted : 22 June 2018

Funding

Funded by: Research Deputy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Award ID: 29953

Award Recipient : Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: anopheles superpictus (s.l.),an. maculipennis (s.l.),an. sacharovi,ecology,spatial distribution,modeling,iran

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: anopheles superpictus (s.l.), an. maculipennis (s.l.), an. sacharovi, ecology, spatial distribution, modeling, iran

Predicting environmentally suitable areas for Anopheles superpictus Grassi ( s.l.), Anopheles maculipennis Meigen ( s.l.) and Anopheles sacharovi Favre (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran

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Abstract

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Related collections

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens

Most cited references 39

The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae)

Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran.

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