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      Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood worldwide, and causes significant impairments in overall functioning. In order to develop effective prevention and intervention programs, knowledge of the determinants that have an impact on the onset and development of ADHD symptoms is essential. So far, little is known about factors affecting ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents over time. Therefore, this study investigates potential psychosocial risk and protective factors for ADHD symptoms based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a German population-based study.

          Methods

          Data on children and adolescents ( n = 1,384 aged 11 to 17 years) were collected at three measurement points (baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-ups) covering a period of two years. We used latent growth modelling to investigate effects of parental mental health problems (risk factor) and self-efficacy, family climate and social support (protective factors) on symptoms of ADHD based on cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. Sociodemographic factors, pre- and postnatal factors, and comorbid symptoms of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were considered as covariates.

          Results

          At baseline, male gender, younger age, stronger aggressive behavior, and stronger parental mental health problems were related to more ADHD symptoms. Longitudinal analyses showed that female gender, migration status, increasing symptoms of generalized anxiety, increasing aggressive behavior and increasing parental mental health problems were associated with stronger increase of ADHD symptoms over time. However, improving family climate was related to decreasing ADHD symptoms over time. We further found moderator effects for social support.

          Conclusion

          The findings of the study provide important information concerning risk and protective factors in the context of ADHD. Hence, the results may be integrated into the planning and implementation of future prevention and early intervention strategies that target affected children and adolescents.

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          Most cited references59

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          ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

          Guilherme Polanczyk, Erik Willcutt, Giovanni A Salum … (2014)
          Previous studies have identified significant variability in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence estimates worldwide, largely explained by methodological procedures. However, increasing rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment throughout the past few decades have fuelled concerns about whether the true prevalence of the disorder has increased over time. We updated the two most comprehensive systematic reviews on ADHD prevalence available in the literature. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of year of study in the context of both methodological variables that determined variability in ADHD prevalence (diagnostic criteria, impairment criterion and source of information), and the geographical location of studies. We identified 154 original studies and included 135 in the multivariate analysis. Methodological procedures investigated were significantly associated with heterogeneity of studies. Geographical location and year of study were not associated with variability in ADHD prevalence estimates. Confirming previous findings, variability in ADHD prevalence estimates is mostly explained by methodological characteristics of the studies. In the past three decades, there has been no evidence to suggest an increase in the number of children in the community who meet criteria for ADHD when standardized diagnostic procedures are followed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 509 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

            Joseph Biederman, Stephen V Faraone (2005)
            Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that affects 8-12% of children worldwide. Although the rate of ADHD falls with age, at least half of children with the disorder will have impairing symptoms in adulthood. Twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies show ADHD to be highly heritable, and other findings have recorded obstetric complications and psychosocial adversity as predisposing risk factors. Converging evidence from animal and human studies implicates the dysregulation of frontal-subcortical-cerebellar catecholaminergic circuits in the pathophysiology of ADHD, and molecular imaging studies suggest that abnormalities of the dopamine transporter lead to impaired neurotransmission. Studies during the past decade have shown the safety and effectiveness of new non-stimulant drugs and long-acting formulations of methylphenidate and amfetamine. Other investigations have also clarified the appropriate role of targeted psychosocial treatments in the context of ongoing pharmacotherapy.
            Article 0 comments Cited 342 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health.

              Andres De Los Reyes, Tara Augenstein, Mo Wang … (2015)
              Child and adolescent patients may display mental health concerns within some contexts and not others (e.g., home vs. school). Thus, understanding the specific contexts in which patients display concerns may assist mental health professionals in tailoring treatments to patients' needs. Consequently, clinical assessments often include reports from multiple informants who vary in the contexts in which they observe patients' behavior (e.g., patients, parents, teachers). Previous meta-analyses indicate that informants' reports correlate at low-to-moderate magnitudes. However, is it valid to interpret low correspondence among reports as indicating that patients display concerns in some contexts and not others? We meta-analyzed 341 studies published between 1989 and 2014 that reported cross-informant correspondence estimates, and observed low-to-moderate correspondence (mean internalizing: r = .25; mean externalizing: r = .30; mean overall: r = .28). Informant pair, mental health domain, and measurement method moderated magnitudes of correspondence. These robust findings have informed the development of concepts for interpreting multi-informant assessments, allowing researchers to draw specific predictions about the incremental and construct validity of these assessments. In turn, we critically evaluated research on the incremental and construct validity of the multi-informant approach to clinical child and adolescent assessment. In so doing, we identify crucial gaps in knowledge for future research, and provide recommendations for "best practices" in using and interpreting multi-informant assessments in clinical work and research. This article has important implications for developing personalized approaches to clinical assessment, with the goal of informing techniques for tailoring treatments to target the specific contexts where patients display concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record
              Article 0 comments Cited 303 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Anne Wüstner:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-6229
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Christiane Otto: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Robert Schlack: Role: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Heike Hölling: Role: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Fionna Klasen: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Kenji Hashimoto: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0214412
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
                [2 ] Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
                Chiba Daigaku, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-6229
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-33371
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214412
                PMC ID: 6433344
                PubMed ID: 30908550
                SO-VID: 9f5ab26c-1dc6-40ad-a635-a966e2b3fa67
                Copyright © © 2019 Wüstner et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 20 November 2018
                Date accepted : 12 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The baseline, 1-year follow-up and 2-year follow-up of the BELLA study have been financially supported by the German Science Foundation. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Developmental Neuroscience
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Neuropsychiatric Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Children
                Subject: Adolescents
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Families
                Subject: Children
                Subject: Adolescents
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Children
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Families
                Subject: Children
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Women's Health
                Subject: Maternal Health
                Subject: Pregnancy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Women's Health
                Subject: Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Subject: Pregnancy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Mood Disorders
                Subject: Depression
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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