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Abstract
Mongolia has a high burden from noncommunicable diseases, with cancer now the second
leading cause of mortality. Given the paucity of situation analyses from the country,
this study reports cancer data based on new cases 2008-12 from the National Cancer
Registry of Mongolia covering the entire population (2.87 million). New cancer cases
of 21,564 were diagnosed over the 5-year period, with a slight predominance of cases
(52%) in men. Liver cancer was the leading cancer site in both sexes (ASRs of 114.7
and 74.6 per 100,000 males and females), and responsible for almost two-fifths of
all cancer diagnoses, followed by cancers of stomach, lung and oesophagus in men and
cervix, stomach and oesophagus in women. The cumulative risk of incidence for all
cancers (27.7% and 20.8% in men and women, respectively) positions Mongolia above
China (20.2% and 13.3%), below the United States (34.1% and 28.5%) and similar to
Russia (26.1% and 19.1%). These figures shed light on the considerable magnitude of
cancer in the country and the large fraction of cancers that can be prevented by lifestyle
modifications and vaccine implementation. An expansion of activities of the cancer
registry and the continued development of research are necessary steps in support
of national cancer control planning in Mongolia.