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      Efecto de la temperatura del baño de hemodiálisis en diabéticos Translated title: Effect of the temperature of the dialysis bath in diabetics

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          Abstract

          Durante el procedimiento dialítico la hipotensión arterial es uno de los problemas más comunes y ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios. En la hemodiálisis se producen cambios en el volumen corporal a través de la ultrafiltración, que generan aumento en la producción de energía térmica, la cual se remueve en el transcurso del tratamiento. La hipovolemia resultante de la remoción de volumen activa el sistema simpático impidiendo de esta manera la pérdida de calor originando aumento de la temperatura corporal que promueve vasodilatación vascular e interfiere con la respuesta constrictiva compensatoria a la caída del volumen con la consecuente hipotensión arterial. Los pacientes que padecen neuropatía autonómica serían los más afectados por la depleción de volumen y habitualmente son los que presentan mayor cantidad de episodios hipotensivos, típico caso de la población con diabetes. Se comprobó anteriormente que el uso de baño frío no sólo no disminuye la eficiencia del tratamiento dialítico sino que mejora la estabilidad cardiovascular sobre todo en las poblaciones con mayor predisposición a padecerla: diabéticos, añosos, cardiópatas. En este trabajo se observó que la población con diabetes presentó temperaturas basales bajas antes del tratamiento dialítico, que el uso de baño a 35.5 °C aumentó menos la temperatura post diálisis que con el baño estándar de 37 °C. El baño a 35.5 °C disminuyó los episodios de hipotensión arterial desarrollando un mejor bienestar en los pacientes y modificando las características en el tratamiento por generar menor requerimiento de atención y eventualmente observar repercusión en los costos del tratamiento.

          Translated abstract

          During the dialysis procedure, arterial hypotension is one of the most common problems and it has been object of many studies. In hemodialysis, changes are produced in body volume through ultrafiltration that generate an increase in the production of thermic energy, which is removed during the treatment. The hypovolemia resulting from the removal of volume activates the sympathetic system, avoiding in this way heat loss and increasing body temperature that promotes vascular vasodilatation and interferes with the compensatory constrictive response to volume fall with consequent arterial hypotension. Patients with autonomic neuropathy would be the most affected by volume depletion and they are usually the ones that show the highest frecuency of hypotension episodes, typical of patients with diabetes. It has been proved before that the use of a cold bath does not decrease the efficiency of the dialysis treatment and improves the cardiovascular stability as well, mostly in patients proned to it, such as diabetics, elderly, and patients with cardiac failure. In this study, it was observed that patients showed low basal temperatures before dialysis treatment and that the use of bath temperature of 35.5 °C increased the temperature post dialysis less than with the standard bath at 37 °C. The bath at 35.5 °C decreased the episodes of arterial hypotension, with an improvement in patient's welfare, and lower requirement of attention and treatment costs.

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          Most cited references12

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          Modifying the dialysis prescription to reduce intradialytic hypotension.

          The dialysis prescription can have a substantial impact on the frequency of intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Plasma volume will decline to a greater extent when the ultrafiltration (UF) rate is rapid (high interdialytic weight gains and/or short treatment time), favoring IDH. The relationship of the target weight to the euvolemic weight determines the size of the interstitial fluid compartment, which is a major determinant of the rate of plasma refilling during UF. The higher the dialysate sodium, the smaller the decline in plasma volume for any given amount of UF. Use of a dialysate temperature that prevents a positive thermal balance during dialysis will allow peripheral vascular resistance to be maintained and minimize IDH. A higher ionized calcium during treatment facilitates an increase in cardiac output, a benefit that may be particularly notable in patients with depressed cardiac ejection fraction. Low dialysate magnesium, potassium, and bicarbonate may all favor IDH, although insufficient data are available for definitive conclusions. The choice of antihypertensive medication and the treatment schedule must be carefully considered in patients with IDH. The future integration of technology to monitor blood pressure, plasma volume, and thermal and sodium balance into a computer-based biofeedback system will very likely go a long way toward reducing the frequency of IDH.
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            Temperature and thermal balance in hemodialysis.

            The analysis of thermal balance and temperature in hemodialysis patients reveals both striking similarities and important differences to urea kinetics. Both urea and thermal energy need to be removed during hemodialysis, however, for different reasons. Urea accumulates between hemodialysis treatments, whereas thermal energy accumulates within hemodialysis treatments. Urea concentration is ideally reduced by approximately 70% during a treatment, whereas temperature is ideally kept constant by removing up to 50% of resting energy expenditure because heat dissipation from the body surface is obstructed as a result of ultrafiltration-induced hypovolemia. Extracorporeal heat removal is controlled by several factors. Dialysate and patient temperatures play the main role. Low body temperatures are not uncommon with hemodialysis patients, so that dialysate temperatures less than 36 degrees C are often required to maintain reasonable temperature gradients. Another important role is played by extracorporeal blood flow. At the same temperature gradient, heat transfer by extracorporeal blood flow used with high-efficiency dialysis is approximately six times more efficient than the dissipation of heat across the body surface. And, last but not least, the venous section of the extracorporeal circulation provides constant cooling of approximately 10 W. Almost all dialysis treatments provide extracorporeal cooling, even those using dialysate at 37 degrees C. Therefore it is probably better to define the thermal aspects of hemodialysis with regard to the physiologic effects on the patient. Since thermoregulation responds to changes in body temperature, treatments should be characterized as isothermic, hypothermic, and hyperthermic.
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              Intradialytic hypotension: an overview of recent, unresolved and overlooked issues.

              The etiology and management of intradialytic hypotension has become an increasingly complex issue. Volume depletion due to ultrafiltration remains the predominant underlying etiologic factor. However, patients vary markedly in their hemodynamic tolerance to fluid removal. While many risk factors have been identified, the issues of sodium and thermal balance and variability in left ventricular filling have not been adequately emphasized or investigated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires )
                1669-9106
                December 2004
                : 64
                : 6
                : 487-491
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Enfermedades Renales e Hipertensión Arterial
                Article
                S0025-76802004000600002
                9f7f292a-20d7-471b-b5aa-4322a1dfa651

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0025-7680&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Cool bath,Intra-dialysis hypotension,Diabetes,Baño frío,Hipotensión intradiálisis

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