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      A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ginkgo biloba in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: From Ancient Tradition to Modern-Day Medicine

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          Abstract

          Ginkgo biloba (Gb) has demonstrated antioxidant and vasoactive properties as well as clinical benefits in several conditions such as ischemia, epilepsy, and peripheral nerve damage. Additionally, Gb is supposed to act as potential cognitive enhancer in dementia. So far, several trials have been conducted to investigate the potential effectiveness of Gb in neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis of three randomised controlled trials in patients with schizophrenia and eight randomised controlled trials in patients with dementia. Gb treatment reduced positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and improved cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with dementia. No effect of Gb on negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients was found. The general lack of evidence prevents drawing conclusions regarding Gb effectiveness in other neuropsychiatric conditions (i.e., autism, depression, anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and addiction). Our data support the use of Gb in patients with dementia and as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenic patients.

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          THE BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE

          JOHN OVERALL, DONALD GORHAM (1962)
          Article 0 comments Cited 335 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects.

            M Aman, N. Singh, A Stewart … (1985)
            The development of a scale to assess drug and other treatment effects on severely mentally retarded individuals was described. In the first stage of the project, an initial scale encompassing a large number of behavior problems was used to rate 418 residents. The scale was then reduced to an intermediate version, and in the second stage, 509 moderately to profoundly retarded individuals were rated. Separate factor analyses of the data from the two samples resulted in a five-factor scale comprising 58 items. The factors of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist have been labeled as follows: (I) Irritability, Agitation, Crying; (II) Lethargy, Social Withdrawal; (III) Stereotypic Behavior; (IV) Hyperactivity, Noncompliance; and (V) Inappropriate Speech. Average subscale scores were presented for the instrument, and the results were compared with empirically derived rating scales of childhood psychopathology and with factor analytic work in the field of mental retardation.
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              Amyloid-beta-induced pathological behaviors are suppressed by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and ginkgolides in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans.

              Yanjue Wu, Zhixin Wu, Peter Butko … (2006)
              Amyloid-beta (Abeta) toxicity has been postulated to initiate synaptic loss and subsequent neuronal degeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously demonstrated that the standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, commonly used to enhance memory and by AD patients for dementia, inhibits Abeta-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. In this study, we use EGb 761 and its single constituents to associate Abeta species with Abeta-induced pathological behaviors in a model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. We report that EGb 761 and one of its components, ginkgolide A, alleviates Abeta-induced pathological behaviors, including paralysis, and reduces chemotaxis behavior and 5-HT hypersensitivity in a transgenic C. elegans. We also show that EGb 761 inhibits Abeta oligomerization and Abeta deposits in the worms. Moreover, reducing oxidative stress is not the mechanism by which EGb 761 and ginkgolide A suppress Abeta-induced paralysis because the antioxidant L-ascorbic acid reduced intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide to the same extent as EGb 761, but was not nearly as effective in suppressing paralysis in the transgenic C. elegans. These findings suggest that (1) EGb 761 suppresses Abeta-related pathological behaviors, (2) the protection against Abeta toxicity by EGb 761 is mediated primarily by modulating Abeta oligomeric species, and (3) ginkgolide A has therapeutic potential for prevention and treatment of AD.
              Article 0 comments Cited 120 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date (Print): 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2013
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 May 2013
                Volume: 2013
                Electronic Location Identifier: 915691
                Affiliations
                1Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
                2Biometric and Statistical Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
                3Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
                4Psychology Institute, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Bernhard Uehleke

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-1592
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-6809
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4602-2032
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2013/915691
                PMC ID: 3679686
                PubMed ID: 23781271
                SO-VID: 9f8829a0-811d-4e29-9252-291c280e26e2
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Natascia Brondino et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 August 2012
                Date revision received : 25 February 2013
                Date accepted : 24 March 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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