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      First national record of Quasipaaverrucospinosa (Bourret, 1937) (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Thailand with further comment on its taxonomic status

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          Abstract

          Background

          Spiny Frog Quasipaa is a genus of frogs that belongs to a relatively poorly known group. Most of the species distribution has been recorded in China; however, a few incidences of identification have occurred in the eastern part of Indochina. To date, only one species ( Quasipaa fasciculispina ) of Quasipaa has been recorded from Chanthaburi and Trat Provinces in south-eastern Thailand.

          New information

          Based on recent fieldwork conducted in northern Thailand, we report a new record of Quasipaa verrucospinosa from Doi Phu Kha National Park, Nan Province at an altitude of 900–1000 m a.s.l. Our study has demonstrated that populations of this species are paraphyletic and has revealed deep genetic differences. Therefore, it is recommended that a comprehensive study be undertaken to clarify the taxonomic and geographic distribution of this species for its suitable protection and conservation.

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          Most cited references24

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          jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.

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            jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging.

            jModelTest is a new program for the statistical selection of models of nucleotide substitution based on "Phyml" (Guindon and Gascuel 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 52:696-704.). It implements 5 different selection strategies, including "hierarchical and dynamical likelihood ratio tests," the "Akaike information criterion," the "Bayesian information criterion," and a "decision-theoretic performance-based" approach. This program also calculates the relative importance and model-averaged estimates of substitution parameters, including a model-averaged estimate of the phylogeny. jModelTest is written in Java and runs under Mac OSX, Windows, and Unix systems with a Java Runtime Environment installed. The program, including documentation, can be freely downloaded from the software section at http://darwin.uvigo.es.
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              A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers.

              Despite recent advances achieved by application of high-performance computing methods and novel algorithmic techniques to maximum likelihood (ML)-based inference programs, the major computational bottleneck still consists in the computation of bootstrap support values. Conducting a probably insufficient number of 100 bootstrap (BS) analyses with current ML programs on large datasets-either with respect to the number of taxa or base pairs-can easily require a month of run time. Therefore, we have developed, implemented, and thoroughly tested rapid bootstrap heuristics in RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) that are more than an order of magnitude faster than current algorithms. These new heuristics can contribute to resolving the computational bottleneck and improve current methodology in phylogenetic analyses. Computational experiments to assess the performance and relative accuracy of these heuristics were conducted on 22 diverse DNA and AA (amino acid), single gene as well as multigene, real-world alignments containing 125 up to 7764 sequences. The standard BS (SBS) and rapid BS (RBS) values drawn on the best-scoring ML tree are highly correlated and show almost identical average support values. The weighted RF (Robinson-Foulds) distance between SBS- and RBS-based consensus trees was smaller than 6% in all cases (average 4%). More importantly, RBS inferences are between 8 and 20 times faster (average 14.73) than SBS analyses with RAxML and between 18 and 495 times faster than BS analyses with competing programs, such as PHYML or GARLI. Moreover, this performance improvement increases with alignment size. Finally, we have set up two freely accessible Web servers for this significantly improved version of RAxML that provide access to the 200-CPU cluster of the Vital-IT unit at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the 128-CPU cluster of the CIPRES project at the San Diego Supercomputer Center. These Web servers offer the possibility to conduct large-scale phylogenetic inferences to a large part of the community that does not have access to, or the expertise to use, high-performance computing resources.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biodivers Data J
                Biodivers Data J
                1
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2836
                1314-2828
                2021
                30 September 2021
                : 9
                : e70473
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand Division of Fishery, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao Phayao Thailand
                [2 ] Department of Species Conservation, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife, Ninh Binh, Vietnam Department of Species Conservation, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife Ninh Binh Vietnam
                [3 ] Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University Moscow Russia
                [4 ] Laboratory of Tropical Ecology, Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam Laboratory of Tropical Ecology, Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center Hanoi Vietnam
                [5 ] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan China
                [6 ] Division of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand Division of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao Phayao Thailand
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Chatmongkon Suwannapoom ( chatmongkonup@ 123456gmail.com ).

                Academic editor: Franco Andreone

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5413-968X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-2283
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3189-1091
                Article
                70473 17336
                10.3897/BDJ.9.e70473
                8497459
                34707457
                9f8d716a-0e9f-4dac-9a68-e6ae5179162b

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

                History
                : 22 June 2021
                : 18 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, References: 22
                Categories
                Taxonomic Paper
                Dicroglossidae
                Amphibia
                Anura
                Vertebrata
                Animalia
                Systematics

                quasipaaverrucospinosa ,new record,16s rrna,morphology,nan province

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