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      Impact of Endothelial Microparticles on Coagulation, Inflammation, and Angiogenesis in Age-Related Vascular Diseases

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          Abstract

          Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are complex vesicular structures that originate from plasma membranes of activated or apoptotic endothelial cells. EMPs play a significant role in vascular function by altering the processes of inflammation, coagulation, and angiogenesis, and they are key players in the pathogenesis of several vascular diseases. Circulating EMPs are increased in many age-related vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebral ischemia, and congestive heart failure. Their elevation in plasma has been considered as both a biomarker and bioactive effector of vascular damage and a target for vascular diseases. This review focuses on the pleiotropic roles of EMPs and the mechanisms that trigger their formation, particularly the involvement of decreased estrogen levels, thrombin, and PAI-1 as major factors that induce EMPs in age-related vascular diseases.

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          Microparticles in hemostasis and thrombosis.

          A Phillip Owens, Nigel Mackman (2011)
          Blood contains microparticles (MPs) derived from a variety of cell types, including platelets, monocytes, and endothelial cells. In addition, tumors release MPs into the circulation. MPs are formed from membrane blebs that are released from the cell surface by proteolytic cleavage of the cytoskeleton. All MPs are procoagulant because they provide a membrane surface for the assembly of components of the coagulation protease cascade. Importantly, procoagulant activity is increased by the presence of anionic phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylserine (PS), and the procoagulant protein tissue factor (TF), which is the major cellular activator of the clotting cascade. High levels of platelet-derived PS(+) MPs are present in healthy individuals, whereas the number of TF(+), PS(+) MPs is undetectable or very low. However, levels of PS(+), TF(+) MPs are readily detected in a variety of diseases, and monocytes appear to be the primary cellular source. In cancer, PS(+), TF(+) MPs are derived from tumors and may serve as a useful biomarker to identify patients at risk for venous thrombosis. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the role of procoagulant MPs in hemostasis and thrombosis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 257 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Angiogenesis in wound repair: angiogenic growth factors and the extracellular matrix.

            Yan-Ping Zhang Schärer, Jie Li, Robert Kirsner (2003)
            Angiogenesis is critical to wound repair. Newly formed blood vessels participate in provisional granulation tissue formation and provide nutrition and oxygen to growing tissues. In addition, inflammatory cells require the interaction with and transmigration through the endothelial basement membrane to enter the site of injury. Angiogenesis, in response to tissue injury, is a dynamic process that is highly regulated by signals from both serum and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta are among those most potent angiogenic cytokines in wound angiogenesis. The cooperative regulation of them is essential for wound repair. Migration of endothelial cells and development of new capillary vessels during wound repair is dependent on not only the cells and cytokines present but also the production and organization of ECM components both in granulation tissue and in endothelial basement membrane. The ECM regulates angiogenesis by providing scaffold support and signaling roles. They also serve as a reservoir and modulator for growth factors. Laminins are the major noncollagenous ECM of endothelial basement membrane. Two newly recognized laminins, 8 and 10, are the major laminins produced by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Laminin 10 is highly expressed in blood vessels around skin wounds. Laminin 8 promotes dermal endothelial cell attachment, migration, and tubule formation. Integrins with either beta 1 or alpha v subunits are the major cellular surface receptors for ECM molecules and mediate the interactions between cells and ECM during wound angiogenesis. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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              Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): a key factor linking fibrinolysis and age-related subclinical and clinical conditions.

              Marco Pahor, Matteo Cesari, Raffaele Incalzi (2010)
              The close relationship existing between aging and thrombosis has growingly been studied in this last decade. The age-related development of a prothrombotic imbalance in the fibrinolysis homeostasis has been hypothesized as the basis of this increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. Fibrinolysis is the result of the interactions among multiple plasminogen activators and inhibitors constituting the enzymatic cascade, and ultimately leading to the degradation of fibrin. The plasminogen activator system plays a key role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Narrative review. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the superfamily of serine-protease inhibitors (or serpins), and the principal inhibitor of both the tissue-type and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, the two plasminogen activators able to activate plasminogen. Current evidence describing the central role played by PAI-1 in a number of age-related subclinical (i.e., inflammation, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance) and clinical (i.e., obesity, comorbidities, Werner syndrome) conditions is presented. Despite some controversial and unclear issues, PAI-1 represents an extremely promising marker that may become a biological parameter to be progressively considered in the prognostic evaluation, in the disease monitoring, and as treatment target of age-related conditions in the future. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Aging Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Aging Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JAR
                Title: Journal of Aging Research
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-2204
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-2212
                Publication date (Print): 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 October 2013
                Volume: 2013
                Electronic Location Identifier: 734509
                Affiliations
                1Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, STB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
                2Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Rita Liddy Hollings Science Center, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
                3Department of Radiology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
                Author notes
                *Margaret Markiewicz: markiewi@ 123456musc.edu

                Academic Editor: Barbara Shukitt-Hale

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1062-8742
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-4727
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-4678
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2013/734509
                PMC ID: 3830876
                PubMed ID: 24288612
                SO-VID: 9f9707af-a1c9-4a06-92db-e378e085ab25
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Margaret Markiewicz et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 April 2013
                Date accepted : 4 September 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

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