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      Development and evaluation of an ultrasonic personal aerosol sampler

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          Abstract

          Assessing personal exposure to air pollution has long proven challenging due to technological limitations posed by the samplers themselves. Historically, wearable aerosol monitors have proven to be expensive, noisy, and burdensome. The objective of this work was to develop a new type of wearable monitor, an ultrasonic personal aerosol sampler ( UPAS), to overcome many of the technological limitations in personal exposure assessment. The UPAS is a time‐integrated monitor that features a novel micropump that is virtually silent during operation. A suite of onboard environmental sensors integrated with this pump measure and record mass airflow (0.5–3.0 L/min, accurate within 5%), temperature, pressure, relative humidity, light intensity, and acceleration. Rapid development of the UPAS was made possible through recent advances in low‐cost electronics, open‐source programming platforms, and additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping. Interchangeable cyclone inlets provided a close match to the EPA PM 2.5 mass criterion (within 5%) for device flows at either 1.0 or 2.0 L/min. Battery life varied from 23 to 45 hours depending on sample flow rate and selected filter media. Laboratory tests of the UPAS prototype demonstrate excellent agreement with equivalent federal reference method samplers for gravimetric analysis of PM 2.5 across a broad range of concentrations.

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          Paper-based analytical devices for environmental analysis.

          The field of paper-based microfluidics has experienced rapid growth over the past decade. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), originally developed for point-of-care medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings, are now being applied in new areas, such as environmental analyses. Low-cost paper sensors show great promise for on-site environmental analysis; the theme of ongoing research complements existing instrumental techniques by providing high spatial and temporal resolution for environmental monitoring. This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPADs to be more widely implemented in field testing.
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            Multilayer paper-based device for colorimetric and electrochemical quantification of metals.

            The release of metals and metal-containing compounds into the environment is a growing concern in developed and developing countries, as human exposure to metals is associated with adverse health effects in virtually every organ system. Unfortunately, quantifying metals in the environment is expensive; analysis costs using certified laboratories typically exceed $100/sample, making the routine analysis of toxic metals cost-prohibitive for applications such as occupational exposure or environmental protection. Here, we report on a simple, inexpensive technology with the potential to render toxic metals detection accessible for both the developing and developed world that combines colorimetric and electrochemical microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (mPAD) in a three-dimensional configuration. Unlike previous mPADs designed for measuring metals, the device reported here separates colorimetric detection on one layer from electrochemical detection on a different layer. Separate detection layers allows different chemistries to be applied to a single sample on the same device. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, colorimetric detection is shown for Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cr and electrochemical detection for Pb and Cd. Detection limits as low as 0.12 μg (Cr) were achieved on the colorimetric layer while detection limits as low as 0.25 ng (Cd and Pb) were achieved on the electrochemical layer. Selectivity for the target analytes was demonstrated for common interferences. As an example of the device utility, particulate metals collected on air sampling filters were analyzed. Levels measured with the mPAD matched known values for the certified reference samples of collected particulate matter.
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              Measuring daily behavior using ambulatory accelerometry: the Activity Monitor.

              Advanced ambulatory systems that measure aspects of overt human behavior during normal daily life have become feasible, owing to developments in data recording and sensor technology. One such instrument is the Activity Monitor (AM). This paper provides a technical description of the AM and information about its validity and current applications. The AM is based on ambulatory accelerometry, the aim of which is to assess postures and motions for long-term (> 24-h) measurement periods during normal daily life. Accelerometers are attached to the thighs, trunk, and lower arms, and signals are continuously stored in a digital portable recorder. In the postmeasurement analysis, postures and motions are detected by means of custom-made software programs. Validity studies performed on different populations showed high agreement scores between the computerized and automatic AM output and the visually analyzed video recordings. The AM has so far been applied in rehabilitation, psychophysiology, and cardiology but has many possibilities in behavioral research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                john.volckens@colostate.edu
                Journal
                Indoor Air
                Indoor Air
                10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0668
                INA
                Indoor Air
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0905-6947
                1600-0668
                20 July 2016
                March 2017
                : 27
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/ina.2017.27.issue-2 )
                : 409-416
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State University Fort Collins COUSA
                [ 2 ] Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State University Fort Collins COUSA
                [ 3 ] Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NCUSA
                [ 4 ] Department of ChemistryColorado State University Fort Collins COUSA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                John Volckens, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

                Email: john.volckens@ 123456colostate.edu

                Article
                INA12318
                10.1111/ina.12318
                5199626
                27354176
                9f983aeb-8fe7-4ead-8ffc-050edf043824
                © 2016 The Authors. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 14 March 2016
                : 21 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 8, Words: 5947
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
                Award ID: OH010662
                Funded by: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
                Award ID: ES024719
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                ina12318
                March 2017
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.0.7 mode:remove_FC converted:24.02.2017

                Health & Social care
                air pollution,citizen science,exposure,low cost,pm2.5,sensor,wearable
                Health & Social care
                air pollution, citizen science, exposure, low cost, pm2.5, sensor, wearable

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