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      Coronary revascularization in the elderly with stable angina

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          Abstract

          A proportion of elderly with coronary artery disease is rapidly growing. They have more severe coronary artery disease, therefore, derive more benefit from revascularization and have a greater need for it. The elderly is a heterogeneous group, but compared to the younger cohort, the choice of the optimal revascularization method is much more complicated among them. In recent decades, results has improved dramatically both in surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), even in very old persons. Despite the lack of evidence in elderly, it is obvious, that coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has a more pronounced effect on long-term survival in price of more strokes, while PCI is certainly less invasive. Age itself is not a criterion for the selection of treatment strategy, but the elderly are often more interested in quality of life and personal independence instead of longevity. This article discusses the factors that influence the choice of the revascularization method in the elderly with stable angina and presents a complex algorithm for making an individual risk-benefit profile. As a consequence the features of CABG and PCI in elderly patients are exposed. Emphasis is centered on the frailty and non-medical factors, including psychosocial, as essential components in making the decision of what strategy to choose. Good communication with the patients and giving them unbiased information is encouraged.

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          The impact of renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.

          Carolyn Best, Angela H. Ting, Charanjit Rihal … (2002)
          We sought to determine the effect of varying degrees of renal insufficiency on death and cardiac events during and after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients with end-stage renal disease have a high mortality from coronary artery disease. Little is known about the impact of mild and moderate renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes after PCI. Cardiac mortality and all-cause mortality were determined for 5,327 patients undergoing PCI from January 1, 1994, to August 31, 1999, at the Mayo Clinic, based on the estimated creatinine clearance or whether the patient was on dialysis. In-hospital mortality was significantly associated with renal insufficiency (p = 0.001). Even after successful PCI, one-year mortality was 1.5% when the creatinine clearance was > or =70 ml/min (n = 2,558), 3.6% when it was 50 to 69 ml/min (n = 1,458), 7.8% when it was 30 to 49 ml/min (n = 828) and 18.3% when it was < 30 ml/min (n = 141). The 18.3% mortality rate for the group with < 30 ml/min creatinine clearance was similar to the 19.9% mortality rate in patients on dialysis (n = 46). The mortality risk was largely independent of all other factors. Renal insufficiency is a strong predictor of death and subsequent cardiac events in a dose-dependent fashion during and after PCI. Patients with renal insufficiency have more baseline cardiovascular risk factors, but renal insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of death and other adverse cardiovascular events, independent of all other measured variables.
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            Simple frailty score predicts postoperative complications across surgical specialties.

            Lauren Pointer, Peter Robinson, Barbara L. Dunn … (2013)
            Our purpose was to determine the relationship between preoperative frailty and the occurrence of postoperative complications after colorectal and cardiac operations. Patients 65 years or older undergoing elective colorectal or cardiac surgery were enrolled. Seven baseline frailty traits were measured preoperatively: Katz score less than or equal to 5, Timed Up and Go test greater than or equal to 15 seconds, Charlson Index greater than or equal to 3, anemia less than 35%, Mini-Cog score less than or equal to 3, albumin less than 3.4 g/dL, and 1 or more falls within 6 months. Patients were categorized by the number of positive traits as follows: nonfrail: 0 to 1 traits, prefrail: 2 to 3 traits, and frail: 4 or more traits. Two hundred one subjects (age 74 ± 6 years) were studied. Preoperative frailty was associated with increased postoperative complications after colorectal (nonfrail: 21%, prefrail: 40%, frail: 58%; P = .016) and cardiac operations (nonfrail: 17%, prefrail: 28%, frail: 56%; P < .001). This finding in both groups was independent of advancing age. Frail individuals in both groups had longer hospital stays and higher 30-day readmission rates. Receiver operating characteristic curves examining frailty's ability to forecast complications were colorectal (.702, P = .004) and cardiac (.711, P < .001). A simple preoperative frailty score defines older adults at higher risk for postoperative complications across surgical specialties. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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              Comparative effectiveness of revascularization strategies.

              William S Weintraub, Maria V Grau-Sepulveda, Jocelyn M. Weiss … (2012)
              Questions persist concerning the comparative effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG). The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) collaborated to compare the rates of long-term survival after PCI and CABG. We linked the ACCF National Cardiovascular Data Registry and the STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database to claims data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for the years 2004 through 2008. Outcomes were compared with the use of propensity scores and inverse-probability-weighting adjustment to reduce treatment-selection bias. Among patients 65 years of age or older who had two-vessel or three-vessel coronary artery disease without acute myocardial infarction, 86,244 underwent CABG and 103,549 underwent PCI. The median follow-up period was 2.67 years. At 1 year, there was no significant difference in adjusted mortality between the groups (6.24% in the CABG group as compared with 6.55% in the PCI group; risk ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 1.00). At 4 years, there was lower mortality with CABG than with PCI (16.4% vs. 20.8%; risk ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.82). Similar results were noted in multiple subgroups and with the use of several different analytic methods. Residual confounding was assessed by means of a sensitivity analysis. In this observational study, we found that, among older patients with multivessel coronary disease that did not require emergency treatment, there was a long-term survival advantage among patients who underwent CABG as compared with patients who underwent PCI. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.).
              Article 0 comments Cited 112 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Geriatr Cardiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Geriatr Cardiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JGC
                Title: Journal of Geriatric Cardiology : JGC
                Publisher: Science Press
                ISSN (Print): 1671-5411
                Publication date (Print): September 2015
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 555-568
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Age-Related Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics, St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Northwestern Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
                [2 ]Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kirov Military Medical Academy, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Kirill Lenarovich Kozlov, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Age-Related Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics, St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Northwestern Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Dynamo pr., Saint-Petersburg 197110, Russia. E-mail: Kozlov_kl@ 123456mail.ru Telephone:+7-812-230004 Fax:+7-812-2306886
                Article
                Publisher ID: jgc-12-05-555
                DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2015.05.017
                PMC ID: 4605952
                PubMed ID: 26512248
                SO-VID: 9fd106bd-dae2-414a-a9ab-50f1602edbdf
                Copyright © Institute of Geriatric Cardiology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which allows readers to alter, transform, or build upon the article and then distribute the resulting work under the same or similar license to this one. The work must be attributed back to the original author and commercial use is not permitted without specific permission.

                History
                Date received : 8 November 2014
                Date revision received : 3 January 2015
                Date accepted : 3 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: angina,cardiopulmonary bypass,coronary artery disease,stents,the elderly
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: angina, cardiopulmonary bypass, coronary artery disease, stents, the elderly

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