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      High-performance wireless powering for peripheral nerve neuromodulation systems

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          Abstract

          Neuromodulation of peripheral nerves with bioelectronic devices is a promising approach for treating a wide range of disorders. Wireless powering could enable long-term operation of these devices, but achieving high performance for miniaturized and deeply placed devices remains a technological challenge. We report the miniaturized integration of a wireless powering system in soft neuromodulation device (15 mm length, 2.7 mm diameter) and demonstrate high performance (about 10%) during in vivo wireless stimulation of the vagus nerve in a porcine animal model. The increased performance is enabled by the generation of a focused and circularly polarized field that enhances efficiency and provides immunity to polarization misalignment. These performance characteristics establish the clinical potential of wireless powering for emerging therapies based on neuromodulation.

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          Most cited references36

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          Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice.

          To enable sophisticated optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits throughout the nervous system with limited disruption of animal behavior, light-delivery systems beyond fiber optic tethering and large, head-mounted wireless receivers are desirable. We report the development of an easy-to-construct, implantable wireless optogenetic device. Our smallest version (20 mg, 10 mm(3)) is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported wireless optogenetic systems, allowing the entire device to be implanted subcutaneously. With a radio-frequency (RF) power source and controller, this implant produces sufficient light power for optogenetic stimulation with minimal tissue heating (<1 °C). We show how three adaptations of the implant allow for untethered optogenetic control throughout the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve endings) of behaving mice. This technology opens the door for optogenetic experiments in which animals are able to behave naturally with optogenetic manipulation of both central and peripheral targets.
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            Design and optimization of resonance-based efficient wireless power delivery systems for biomedical implants.

            Resonance-based wireless power delivery is an efficient technique to transfer power over a relatively long distance. This technique typically uses four coils as opposed to two coils used in conventional inductive links. In the four-coil system, the adverse effects of a low coupling coefficient between primary and secondary coils are compensated by using high-quality (Q) factor coils, and the efficiency of the system is improved. Unlike its two-coil counterpart, the efficiency profile of the power transfer is not a monotonically decreasing function of the operating distance and is less sensitive to changes in the distance between the primary and secondary coils. A four-coil energy transfer system can be optimized to provide maximum efficiency at a given operating distance. We have analyzed the four-coil energy transfer systems and outlined the effect of design parameters on power-transfer efficiency. Design steps to obtain the efficient power-transfer system are presented and a design example is provided. A proof-of-concept prototype system is implemented and confirms the validity of the proposed analysis and design techniques. In the prototype system, for a power-link frequency of 700 kHz and a coil distance range of 10 to 20 mm, using a 22-mm diameter implantable coil resonance-based system shows a power-transfer efficiency of more than 80% with an enhanced operating range compared to ~40% efficiency achieved by a conventional two-coil system.
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              Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust.

              The emerging field of bioelectronic medicine seeks methods for deciphering and modulating electrophysiological activity in the body to attain therapeutic effects at target organs. Current approaches to interfacing with peripheral nerves and muscles rely heavily on wires, creating problems for chronic use, while emerging wireless approaches lack the size scalability necessary to interrogate small-diameter nerves. Furthermore, conventional electrode-based technologies lack the capability to record from nerves with high spatial resolution or to record independently from many discrete sites within a nerve bundle. Here, we demonstrate neural dust, a wireless and scalable ultrasonic backscatter system for powering and communicating with implanted bioelectronics. We show that ultrasound is effective at delivering power to mm-scale devices in tissue; likewise, passive, battery-less communication using backscatter enables high-fidelity transmission of electromyogram (EMG) and electroneurogram (ENG) signals from anesthetized rats. These results highlight the potential for an ultrasound-based neural interface system for advancing future bioelectronics-based therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Resources
                Role: Resources
                Role: Formal analysis
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Resources
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Supervision
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2017
                24 October 2017
                : 12
                : 10
                : e0186698
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
                [3 ] Center for Innovation and Strategic Collaboration, St. Jude Medical, Inc., Orange County, California 92618, United States of America
                [4 ] Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
                [5 ] Hong Kong-Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
                Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: A.S.Y.P. and Y.T. received personal compensation for consulting from Center for Innovation and Strategic Collaboration, St. Jude Medical, Inc. A.S.Y.P. received research support through her institution from St. Jude Medical. J.S.H. and A.S.Y.P. have disclosed the wireless powering system to the Stanford Office of Technology Licensing for potential therapy applications. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-7771
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9458-9033
                Article
                PONE-D-17-25189
                10.1371/journal.pone.0186698
                5655495
                29065141
                9fdcf2a0-f51e-4092-9c18-295134cdf79c
                © 2017 Tanabe et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 July 2017
                : 5 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006279, St. Jude Medical;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006279, St. Jude Medical;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: US National Science Foundation
                Award ID: ECCS-1351687
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: US National Institutes of Health
                Award ID: R21EB020894
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund
                Award ID: ITS/087/14
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Reed-Hodgson Fellowship
                Award Recipient :
                We acknowledge support from grants from the US National Science Foundation (ECCS-1351687), the US National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering grant 21EB020894), and the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund (ITS/087/14). J.S.H. was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and S.H. was supported by a Reed-Hodgson Fellowship.
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