Although previous physiological and anatomical experiments have identified four afferent
fiber types (PC, RA, SA II, and SA I) in glabrous (nonhairy) skin of the human somatosensory
periphery, only three have been shown to mediate tactile (mechanoreceptive) sensation.
Psychophysical evidence that four channels (P, NP I, NP II, and NP III) do, indeed,
participate in the perceptual process is presented. In a series of experiments involving
selective masking of the various channels, modification of the skin-surface temperature,
and testing cutaneous sensitivity down to very low-vibratory frequencies, the fourth
psychophysical channel (NP III) is defined. Based on these experiments and previous
work from our laboratory, it is concluded that the four channels work in conjunction
at threshold to create an operating range for the perception of vibration that extends
from at least 0.4 to greater than 500 Hz. Each of the four channels appears to mediate
specific portions of the overall threshold-frequency characteristic. Selection of
appropriate neural-response criteria from previously published physiological data
and correlation of their derived frequency characteristics with the four psychophysical
channels indicates that each channel has its own physiological substrate: P channel
and PC fibers, NP I channel and RA fibers, NP II channel and SA II fibers, and NP
III channel and SA I fibers. These channels partially overlap in their absolute sensitivities,
making it likely that suprathreshold stimuli may activate two or more of the channels
at the same time. Thus the perceptual qualities of touch may be determined by the
combined inputs from four channels.