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      Delphi Technique in Health Sciences: A Map

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          Abstract

          Objectives: In health sciences, the Delphi technique is primarily used by researchers when the available knowledge is incomplete or subject to uncertainty and other methods that provide higher levels of evidence cannot be used. The aim is to collect expert-based judgments and often to use them to identify consensus. In this map, we provide an overview of the fields of application for Delphi techniques in health sciences in this map and discuss the processes used and the quality of the findings. We use systematic reviews of Delphi techniques for the map, summarize their findings and examine them from a methodological perspective.

          Methods: Twelve systematic reviews of Delphi techniques from different sectors of the health sciences were identified and systematically analyzed.

          Results: The 12 systematic reviews show, that Delphi studies are typically carried out in two to three rounds with a deliberately selected panel of experts. A large number of modifications to the Delphi technique have now been developed. Significant weaknesses exist in the quality of the reporting.

          Conclusion: Based on the results, there is a need for clarification with regard to the methodological approaches of Delphi techniques, also with respect to any modification. Criteria for evaluating the quality of their execution and reporting also appear to be necessary. However, it should be noted that we cannot make any statements about the quality of execution of the Delphi studies but rather our results are exclusively based on the reported findings of the systematic reviews.

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          Most cited references39

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          An Experimental Application of the DELPHI Method to the Use of Experts

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            Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies (CREDES) in palliative care: Recommendations based on a methodological systematic review.

            The Delphi technique is widely used for the development of guidance in palliative care, having impact on decisions with relevance for patient care.
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              Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers.

              L. Hong, S Page (2004)
              We introduce a general framework for modeling functionally diverse problem-solving agents. In this framework, problem-solving agents possess representations of problems and algorithms that they use to locate solutions. We use this framework to establish a result relevant to group composition. We find that when selecting a problem-solving team from a diverse population of intelligent agents, a team of randomly selected agents outperforms a team comprised of the best-performing agents. This result relies on the intuition that, as the initial pool of problem solvers becomes large, the best-performing agents necessarily become similar in the space of problem solvers. Their relatively greater ability is more than offset by their lack of problem-solving diversity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Public Health
                Front Public Health
                Front. Public Health
                Frontiers in Public Health
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-2565
                22 September 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : 457
                Affiliations
                Department of Research Methods in Health Promotion and Prevention, University of Education Schwaebisch Gmuend , Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Katherine Henrietta Leith, University of South Carolina, United States

                Reviewed by: Anthony Francis Jorm, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Larry Kenith Olsen, Logan University, United States

                *Correspondence: Marlen Niederberger marlen.niederberger@ 123456ph-gmuend.de

                This article was submitted to Public Health Education and Promotion, a section of the journal Frontiers in Public Health

                Article
                10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457
                7536299
                33072683
                a00bf2e6-01e5-44d7-9e3e-ce7f63658ef1
                Copyright © 2020 Niederberger and Spranger.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 12 May 2020
                : 22 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 10, Words: 8367
                Categories
                Public Health
                Methods

                delphi technique,method,health sciences,consensus,systematic review,map,methodological discussion,expert survey

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