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      Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health Translated title: Cerrar la brecha de aplicación entre los conocimientos y la acción sanitaria Translated title: Combler le fossé entre les connaissances théoriques et leur mise en pratique dans le domaine sanitaire

      research-article
      , ,
      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Investigación sobre servicios de salud, Implementación de plan de salud, Formulación de políticas, Medicina basada en evidencia, Gerencia de la información, Personal de salud, Pautas prácticas, Literatura de revisión, Países en desarrollo, Recherche en santé publique, Mise en œuvre plan sanitaire, Choix d'une politique, Médecine factuelle, Gestion information, Personnel sanitaire, Ligne directrice, pratique médicale, Revue de la littérature, Pays en développement, Health services research, Health plan implementation, Policy making, Evidence-based medicine, Information management, Health personnel, Practice guidelines, Review literature, Developing countries

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          Abstract

          There is widespread evidence of failure to implement health interventions that have been demonstrated to be cost-effective by high-quality research; this failure affects both high-income and low-income countries. Low-income countries face additional challenges to using research evidence including: the weakness of their health systems, the lack of professional regulation and a lack of access to evidence. There is a need to strengthen institutions and mechanisms that can more systematically promote interactions between researchers, policy-makers and other stakeholders who can influence the uptake of research findings. The concept of public engagement with health research requires a public that is both informed and active. Even when systematic reviews are available further work is needed to translate their findings into guidelines or messages that are understandable to patients and health professionals. Many of the commonly used approaches for keeping health professionals' knowledge up-to-date appear to have small or inconsistent effects. The evidence-base is more extensive for interventions directed towards professionals, such as education, reminders or feedback, than for those directed at organizations or patients. The effect of interventions varies according to the setting and the behaviour that is targeted. Case studies in low-income settings suggest that some strategies can result in increased coverage of evidence-based interventions, but there is a lack of evidence from systematic reviews of rigorous research. Given the potential for near-term improvements in health, finding more effective ways of promoting the uptake of evidence-based interventions should be a priority for researchers, practitioners and policy-makers.

          Translated abstract

          Está ampliamente demostrada la incapacidad para ejecutar muchas intervenciones sanitarias cuya costoeficacia ha sido avalada por investigaciones de alta calidad; este fracaso afecta tanto a los países de ingresos bajos como a los de ingresos altos. Los primeros tienen que superar además otros problemas a la hora de usar los datos de investigación, entre los que cabe citar la precariedad de sus sistemas de salud, la falta de regulación profesional y la falta de acceso a los datos relevantes. Hay que fortalecer las instituciones y los mecanismos que permiten promover más sistemáticamente la interacción entre los investigadores, los formuladores de políticas y otros interesados directos que pueden influir en la aplicación de los resultados de investigación. La idea de lograr la participación de la población en las investigaciones sanitarias exige un público documentado y al mismo tiempo activo. Incluso cuando existen revisiones sistemáticas, se requieren trabajos ulteriores para traducir sus resultados en directrices o mensajes que sean comprensibles para los pacientes y los profesionales de la salud. Muchos de los enfoques comúnmente adoptados para mantener actualizados los conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud parecen tener efectos escasos o desiguales. La evidencia disponible es mayor para las intervenciones dirigidas a los profesionales, como la educación, los recordatorios o la retroalimentación, que para las dirigidas a las organizaciones o los pacientes. El efecto de las intervenciones depende de las circunstancias y del comportamiento considerado. Los estudios de casos realizados en entornos de ingresos bajos indican que algunas estrategias pueden traducirse en una mayor cobertura de las intervenciones basadas en la evidencia, pero faltan datos sólidos aportados por revisiones sistemáticas de investigaciones rigurosas. Considerando el potencial existente para introducir mejoras a corto plazo en la salud, la búsqueda de fórmulas más eficaces para promover la aplicación de intervenciones basadas en la evidencia debe ser una prioridad de los investigadores, los profesionales de la salud y los formuladores de políticas.

          Translated abstract

          L'échec de la mise en œuvre d'interventions de santé dont le bon rapport coût-efficacité a été démontré par des travaux de haut niveau est amplement démontré. Ce phénomène touche aussi bien les pays à revenu élevé que les pays à faible revenu. Ces derniers doivent en outre faire face à des difficultés supplémentaires lorsqu'il s'agit de traduire les résultats de la recherche dans la pratique : faiblesse des systèmes de santé, absence de régulation des professions médicales et manque d'accès à l'information. Il est nécessaire de renforcer les institutions et les mécanismes capables de promouvoir plus systématiquement les interactions entre les chercheurs, les responsables politiques et autres partenaires susceptibles d'influer sur l'utilisation des résultats de la recherche. Le concept d'engagement du public en faveur de la recherche en santé implique que ledit public soit à la fois informé et actif. Même lorsqu'il existe des revues systématiques des travaux de recherche, il faut encore en traduire les résultats en directives ou en messages compréhensibles pour les patients et les professionnels de santé. Nombre des approches couramment utilisées pour que les professionnels de santé puissent mettre à jour leurs connaissances semblent n'avoir que peu d'effet. On a en revanche davantage de preuves de l'efficacité des interventions axées sur les professionnels, comme l'éducation, les aide-mémoire ou le retour d'information, que de celles qui visent les organisations ou les patients. L'effet des interventions varie selon le contexte et le comportement visé. D'après des études de cas dans des contextes de faible revenu, certaines stratégies pourraient se traduire par une meilleure couverture des interventions reposant sur des bases factuelles, mais on manque d'informations tirées de revues systématiques de travaux de recherche bien conduits. Etant donné le potentiel d'amélioration de la santé à brève échéance, la découverte de moyens plus efficaces de promotion des interventions reposant sur des bases factuelles devrait être une priorité pour les chercheurs, les praticiens et les responsables politiques.

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          Most cited references52

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          Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project.

          (2003)
          International interest in clinical practice guidelines has never been greater but many published guidelines do not meet the basic quality requirements. There have been renewed calls for validated criteria to assess the quality of guidelines. To develop and validate an international instrument for assessing the quality of the process and reporting of clinical practice guideline development. The instrument was developed through a multi-staged process of item generation, selection and scaling, field testing, and refinement procedures. 100 guidelines selected from 11 participating countries were evaluated independently by 194 appraisers with the instrument. Following refinement the instrument was further field tested on three guidelines per country by a new set of 70 appraisers. The final version of the instrument contained 23 items grouped into six quality domains with a 4 point Likert scale to score each item (scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigour of development, clarity and presentation, applicability, editorial independence). 95% of appraisers found the instrument useful for assessing guidelines. Reliability was acceptable for most domains (Cronbach's alpha 0.64-0.88). Guidelines produced as part of an established guideline programme had significantly higher scores on editorial independence and, after the publication of a national policy, had significantly higher quality scores on rigour of development (p<0.005). Guidelines with technical documentation had higher scores on that domain (p<0.0001). This is the first time an appraisal instrument for clinical practice guidelines has been developed and tested internationally. The instrument is sensitive to differences in important aspects of guidelines and can be used consistently and easily by a wide range of professionals from different backgrounds. The adoption of common standards should improve the consistency and quality of the reporting of guideline development worldwide and provide a framework to encourage international comparison of clinical practice guidelines.
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            Convergent evolution: the academic and policy roots of collaborative research.

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              Interactional group discussion: results of a controlled trial using a behavioral intervention to reduce the use of injections in public health facilities.

              Injections are commonly overused in Indonesia. More than 60% of patients attending public health facilities receive at least one injection, which increases clinical risk and has adverse economic impact. This study assesses the efficacy of an innovative behavioral intervention, the Interactional Group Discussion (IGD), for reducing the overuse of injections. This study was a controlled trial in a single district with 24 public health centers randomized to intervention and control groups. Prescribers in the intervention group were invited to one IGD, each of which consisted of 6 prescribers and 6 patients; a total of 24 IGDs were held in a 4-week period, and all invited prescribers participated. The groups, which lasted 90-120 minutes, were facilitated by a behavioral scientist and a clinician, who also served as a scientific resource person. The hypothesized mechanism of behavior change involved reality testing prescribers' assumptions about patient beliefs, imparting scientific information about injection efficacy, and establishing peer norms about correct behavior. Outcomes were measured by a retrospective prescribing survey covering the periods 3 months before and 3 months after the intervention, with samples of 100 prescriptions per center per month. Rates of injection and average number of drugs per prescription were computed separately for each center, and t-tests were used to compare pre-post changes in outcomes in both groups. Results showed a significant decrease in injection use from 69.5 to 42.3% in the intervention group, compared to a decrease from 75.6 to 67.1% among controls [-18.7.0% intervention vs control, 95% CI = (-31.1%, -6.4%), P < 0.025]. There was also a significant reduction in average number of drugs per prescription [-0.37 drugs prescribed per patient, 95% CI = (-0.04, -0.52), P < 0.05], indicating that injections were not substituted with other drugs. We conclude that the IGD significantly reduces the overuse of injections. It is suggested to try out other behavioral interventions to improve the rational use of drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                October 2004
                : 82
                : 10
                : 724-731
                Affiliations
                [01] London orgnameLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine England andy.haines@ 123456lshtm.ac.uk
                [02] orgnameLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine orgdiv1Department of Public Health and Policy
                Article
                S0042-96862004001000005 S0042-9686(04)08201005
                a0415e11-659c-446c-aa84-ba6a0bc002ba

                History
                : 01 December 2003
                : 28 April 2004
                : 26 April 2004
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 60, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Policy and Practice

                Health plan implementation,Países en desarrollo,Choix d'une politique,Policy making,Pays en développement,Formulación de políticas,Review literature,Practice guidelines,Developing countries,Investigación sobre servicios de salud,Evidence-based medicine,Gestion information,Health personnel,Médecine factuelle,Personnel sanitaire,Implementación de plan de salud,Literatura de revisión,Medicina basada en evidencia,Personal de salud,Revue de la littérature,Mise en œuvre plan sanitaire,Pautas prácticas,pratique médicale,Recherche en santé publique,Health services research,Information management,Ligne directrice,Gerencia de la información

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