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          Abstract

          We thank Raina1 for his comment on our article on the use of computerized tests to evaluate psychomotor performance in children with SpLD2. He pointed out that the matching of the two groups for computer literacy was not done. We did, in fact, anticipate its potential influence on the study outcome at the time of designing the protocol. However, computer literacy is quite complex and involves the testing of at least six domains- MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS Excel, Operating Systems (Windows), internet and e-mail3. It would not have been possible to apply this to the age group we studied. Instruments for psychomotor tests until a few decades ago were actual playing cards (for example) that needed to be sorted by a child. The “computer” in our case was simply a means of putting multiple tests which were paper based in the past and, therefore, cumbersome to use, on a single platform for ease of use. The keyboard of Mindomatics™ instrument (M/s Sristek, Hyderabad, India) is very simple with very few keys and does not resemble a computer keyboard. Thus, Mindomatics™ is really not a computer in the true sense and testing for “computer literacy” would not only have been difficult and time consuming but also meaningless. All children were given training (3 sessions over 1 week) at baseline to acquaint them with the use of the keyboard and the various tests. This we believe addressed the issue of preconditioning across the groups adequately.

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          Computer literacy among first year medical students in a developing country: A cross sectional study

          Background The use of computer assisted learning (CAL) has enhanced undergraduate medical education. CAL improves performance at examinations, develops problem solving skills and increases student satisfaction. The study evaluates computer literacy among first year medical students in Sri Lanka. Methods The study was conducted at Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka between August-September 2008. First year medical students (n = 190) were invited for the study. Data on computer literacy and associated factors were collected by an expert-validated pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Computer literacy was evaluated by testing knowledge on 6 domains; common software packages, operating systems, database management and the usage of internet and E-mail. A linear regression was conducted using total score for computer literacy as the continuous dependant variable and other independent covariates. Results Sample size-181 (Response rate-95.3%), 49.7% were Males. Majority of the students (77.3%) owned a computer (Males-74.4%, Females-80.2%). Students have gained their present computer knowledge by; a formal training programme (64.1%), self learning (63.0%) or by peer learning (49.2%). The students used computers for predominately; word processing (95.6%), entertainment (95.0%), web browsing (80.1%) and preparing presentations (76.8%). Majority of the students (75.7%) expressed their willingness for a formal computer training programme at the faculty. Mean score for the computer literacy questionnaire was 48.4 ± 20.3, with no significant gender difference (Males-47.8 ± 21.1, Females-48.9 ± 19.6). There were 47.9% students that had a score less than 50% for the computer literacy questionnaire. Students from Colombo district, Western Province and Student owning a computer had a significantly higher mean score in comparison to other students (p < 0.001). In the linear regression analysis, formal computer training was the strongest predictor of computer literacy (β = 13.034), followed by using internet facility, being from Western province, using computers for Web browsing and computer programming, computer ownership and doing IT (Information Technology) as a subject in GCE (A/L) examination. Conclusion Sri Lankan medical undergraduates had a low-intermediate level of computer literacy. There is a need to improve computer literacy, by increasing computer training in schools, or by introducing computer training in the initial stages of the undergraduate programme. These two options require improvement in infrastructure and other resources.
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            Use of computerized tests to evaluate psychomotor performance in children with specific learning disabilities in comparison to normal children

            Background & objectives: Children with specific learning disabilities (SpLD) have an unexplained difficulty in acquiring basic academic skills resulting in a significant discrepancy between their academic potential and achievements. This study was undertaken to compare the performance on a battery of six psychomotor tests of children with SpLD and those without any learning disabilities (controls) using computerized tests. Methods: In this study, 25 children with SpLD and 25 controls (matched for age, socio-economic status and medium of instruction) were given three training sessions over one week. Then children were asked to perform on the six computerized psychomotor tests. Results were compared between the two groups. Results: Children with SpLD fared significantly worse on finger tapping test, choice reaction test, digit picture substitution test and card sorting test compared to the controls (P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Children with SpLD have impairment of psychomotor skills like attention, sensory-motor coordination and executive functioning. Further research is needed to evaluate if the remedial education plan results in improvement in psychomotor performance of children with SpLD on these selected tests.
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              Confounding in case control studies

              Sir, I read with interest the article on computerized tests to evaluate psychomotor performance in children with specific learning disabilities (SpLD) by Taur and colleagues1. The study was conducted with the aim to compare the performance on a battery of six psychomotor tests of children with SpLD and those without any learning disabilities (controls) using computerized tests. The authors deserve credit for their effort. For the purpose of this study, as stated by the authors, 25 children with SpLD and 25 controls (matched for age, socio-economic status and medium of instruction) were given three training sessions over one week. After that children were asked to perform on the six computerized psychomotor tests. Results were compared between the two groups. I have a concern with the way this study was conducted and results interpreted thereof. The authors in the results stated that the children with SpLD fared significantly worse on finger tapping test, choice reaction test, digit picture substitution test and card sorting test compared to the controls. For arriving at this conclusion a baseline comparison on computer literacy of the two groups should have been assessed. This baseline comparison should have been a part of matching as difference in the use of computers or their awareness may act as a confounder in this study. A confounding variable gives rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study. Therefore, matching for computer knowledge at the initial stage would have prevented it or alternatively an adjustment for difference in knowledge about computers should have been conducted. This is important in view of ever increasing use of technology by children across all sections of society.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Indian J Med Res
                Indian J. Med. Res
                IJMR
                The Indian Journal of Medical Research
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                0971-5916
                0975-9174
                July 2015
                : 142
                : 1
                : 93-94
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai 400 012, Maharasthra, India
                [2 ]Department of Pediatrics, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai 400 012, Maharasthra, India
                Author notes
                [* ] For correspondence: urmilathatte@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                IJMR-142-93b
                4557261
                26261176
                a050de04-1db7-4127-b546-9289497e749c
                Copyright: © Indian Journal of Medical Research

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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