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      Development and validation of the French-Canadian Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale

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          Abstract

          Self-efficacy can be defined as the belief in one’s capability to acheive certain goals. In the context of chronic pain, self-efficacy may reflect an individual’s performance with regard to self-management strategies to improve their chronic pain. The authors of this article aimed to generate a translation of the Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale, a validated scale used to measure self-efficacy, for use in French-Canadian populations. The internal consistency, convergent construct validity and sensitivity to change of the translated document were assessed.

          Abstract

          BACKGROUND:

          Perceived self-efficacy is a non-negligible outcome when measuring the impact of self-management interventions for chronic pain patients. However, no validated, chronic pain-specific self-efficacy scales exist for studies conducted with French-speaking populations.

          OBJECTIVES:

          To establish the validity of the use of the French-Canadian Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale (FC-CPSES) among chronic pain patients.

          METHODS:

          The Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale is a validated 33-item self-administered questionnaire that measures perceived self-efficacy to perform self-management behaviours, manage chronic disease in general and achieve outcomes (a six-item version is also available). This scale was adapted to the context of chronic pain patients following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. The FC-CPSES was administered to 109 fibromyalgia and 34 chronic low back pain patients (n=143) who participated in an evidence-based self-management intervention (the PASSAGE program) offered in 10 health care centres across the province of Quebec. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (α) were calculated to determine the internal consistency of the 33- and six-item versions of the FC-CPSES. With regard to convergent construct validity, the association between the FC-CPSES baseline scores and related clinical outcomes was examined. With regard to the scale’s sensitivity to change, pre- and postintervention FC-CPSES scores were compared.

          RESULTS:

          Internal consistency was high for both versions of the FC-CPSES (α=0.86 to α=0.96). Higher self-efficacy was significantly associated with higher mental health-related quality of life and lower pain intensity and catastrophizing (P<0.05), supporting convergent validity of the scale. There was a statistically significant increase in FC-CPSES scores between pre- and postintervention measures for both versions of the FC-CPSES (P<0.003), which supports their sensitivity to clinical change during an intervention.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          These data suggest that both versions of the FC-CPSES are reliable and valid for the measurement of pain management self-efficacy among chronic pain patients.

          Translated abstract

          PROBLÉMATIQUE :

          Le sentiment d’auto-efficacité est un aspect important à considérer quand vient le temps d’évaluer les bénéfices d’une intervention visant l’amélioration de l’autogestion de la douleur chronique. Or, aucun instrument de mesure du sentiment d’auto-efficacité n’est actuellement disponible pour les populations souffrant de douleur chronique francophones.

          OBJECTIFS :

          L’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner la validité de l’utilisation de la version canadienne-française d’une échelle d’auto-efficacité spécifique à la douleur chronique (EADC).

          MÉTHODOLOGIE :

          Le Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale est un questionnaire validé contenant 33 items qui permet de mesurer le sentiment d’auto-efficacité incluant l’adoption de comportements d’autogestion, la gestion de la maladie chronique en général et l’atteinte de résultats (une version à 6 items est aussi disponible). Une adaptation de cet instrument pour évaluer une population en douleur chronique a été effectuée selon les lignes directrices d’adaptation transculturelle d’instruments de mesure. L’EADC a ensuite été administrée à 109 patients souffrant de fibromyalgie et à 34 patients souffrant de lombalgie chronique (n=143) qui participaient à une intervention d’autogestion ayant été démontrée efficace (Programme PASSAGE) et qui a été offerte dans 10 centres de santé de la province du Québec. Afin d’évaluer la cohérence interne des deux versions de l’EADC (33 et 6 items), des coefficients alpha de Cronbach (α) ont été calculés. La validité de construit convergente de l’instrument a été évaluée en comparant ses résultats avec ceux d’autres instruments mesurant des concepts similaires. Finalement, la sensibilité au changement de l’EADC a été établie grâce à la comparaison des scores du sentiment d’auto-efficacité ayant été mesurés avant et après la participation au programme PASSAGE.

          RÉSULTATS :

          La cohérence interne de l’EADC était élevée pour les deux versions de l’échelle (α=0.86–0.96). De meilleurs scores d’auto-efficacité étaient associés à une meilleure qualité de vie psychologique, à des symptômes douloureux de moindre intensité et à des tendances à la dramatisation moins importantes (P<0.05) ce qui supporte la validité convergente de l’instrument. Une différence statistiquement significative a été trouvée entre les scores de l’EADC ayant été mesurés pré- et post-intervention (P<0.003) suggérant que l’échelle démontre une bonne sensibilité au changement procuré par l’intervention.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          Nos résultats suggèrent que les deux versions de l’EADC sont fidèles et valides pour la mesure du sentiment d’auto-efficacité dans la prise en charge de la douleur chronique.

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          Most cited references54

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          Effect of a self-management program on patients with chronic disease.

          For patients with chronic disease, there is growing interest in "self-management" programs that emphasize the patients' central role in managing their illness. A recent randomized clinical trial demonstrated the potential of self-management to improve health status and reduce health care utilization in patients with chronic diseases. To evaluate outcomes of a chronic disease self-management program in a real-world" setting. Before-after cohort study. Of the 613 patients from various Kaiser Permanente hospitals and clinics recruited for the study, 489 had complete baseline and follow-up data. The Chronic Disease Self-Management Program is a 7-week, small-group intervention attended by people with different chronic conditions. It is taught largely by peer instructors from a highly structured manual. The program is based on self-efficacy theory and emphasizes problem solving, decision making, and confidence building. Health behavior, self-efficacy (confidence in ability to deal with health problems), health status, and health care utilization, assessed at baseline and at 12 months by self-administered questionnaires. At 1 year, participants in the program experienced statistically significant improvements in health behaviors (exercise, cognitive symptom management, and communication with physicians), self-efficacy, and health status (fatigue, shortness of breath, pain, role function, depression, and health distress) and had fewer visits to the emergency department (ED) (0.4 visits in the 6 months prior to baseline, compared with 0.3 in the 6 months prior to follow-up; P = 0.05). There were slightly fewer outpatient visits to physicians and fewer days in hospital, but the differences were not statistically significant. Results were of about the same magnitude as those observed in a previous randomized, controlled trial. Program costs were estimated to be about $200 per participant. We replicated the results of our previous clinical trial of a chronic disease self-management program in a "real-world" setting. One year after exposure to the program, most patients experienced statistically significant improvements in a variety of health outcomes and had fewer ED visits.
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            Focus on psychometrics. Aspects of item analysis.

            During the course of instrument development, investigators are faced with the challenge of developing a psychometrically sound instrument that has a minimal number of items or components. Although instrument developers may encounter specific problems in relation to different types of tests, there are three areas of concern that are frequently encountered. These concerns relate to (a) instrument length, (b) scale homogeneity, and (c) instrument sensitivity. The purpose of this article is to discuss selected aspects of item analysis in relationship to these three commonly encountered and interrelated areas of concern.
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              The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a national lay-led self care support programme for patients with long-term conditions: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.

              Supporting patients' self care could have a major effect on the management of long-term conditions, which has led to worldwide interest in effective self care interventions. In England, self care support is being developed through the "Expert Patients Programme", which provides lay-led generic courses to improve patients' self care skills. However, the clinical and cost effectiveness of such courses remains unclear. Two-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial design with waiting list control in community settings in England. 629 patients with a wide range of self-defined long-term conditions were studied. The lay-led self care support group involved 6-weekly sessions to teach self care skills. Primary outcomes were self-efficacy, reported energy and routine health services utilisation at 6 months. A cost-effectiveness analysis was also conducted. Patients receiving immediate course access reported considerably greater self-efficacy and energy at 6-month follow-up, but reported no statistically significant reductions in routine health services utilisation over the same time period. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that patients receiving immediate course access reported considerably greater health related quality of life, and a small reduction in costs. If a quality adjusted life year was valued at 20,000 pounds (39,191 dollars; 30,282 Euro), there was a 70% probability that the intervention was cost effective. Lay-led self care support groups are effective in improving self-efficacy and energy levels among patients with long-term conditions, and are likely to be cost effective over 6 months at conventional values of a decision-maker's willingness to pay. They may be a useful addition to current services in the management of long-term conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pain Res Manag
                Pain Res Manag
                PGI
                Pain Research & Management : The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society
                Pulsus Group Inc
                1203-6765
                1918-1523
                Mar-Apr 2015
                : 20
                : 2
                : 75-83
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Département des sciences de la santé, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda;
                [2 ]École des sciences infirmières, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke;
                [3 ]Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS);
                [4 ]École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke;
                [5 ]Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM);
                [6 ]Département d’anesthésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr Anaïs Lacasse, Département des sciences de la santé, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445, boul. de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec J9X 5E4. Telephone 819-762-0971 ext 2722, fax 819-797-4727, e-mail lacassea@ 123456uqat.ca
                Article
                prm-20-75
                4391442
                25848845
                a092cfda-095c-4554-98bd-767599c507c5
                © 2015, Pulsus Group Inc. All rights reserved

                This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact support@ 123456pulsus.com

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                Categories
                Original Article

                chronic pain,french-canadian,internal consistency,reliability,scale,self-efficacy,sensitivity to clinical change,validity

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