Key to the females of Afrotropical  Anopheles  mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Abstract

Background

In 1987, Gillies and Coetzee published a pictorial key for the morphological identification of adult female mosquitoes. Since then, several new species of anopheline mosquitoes have been described.

Methods

The 1987 key to adult female mosquitoes was used as the template for the current key.

Results

New species described in the literature over the past 32 years have been included. A list of all currently known Afrotropical species is provided. Anopheles stephensi is included for the first time as occurring on the African continent.

Conclusions

An updated key for the morphological identification of Afrotropical anopheline species is presented.

Related collections

Most cited references 26

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Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction.

J Scott, W. BROGDON, F Collins (1993)

A ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed for species identification of individuals of the five most widespread members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, a group of morphologically indistinguishable sibling mosquito species that includes the major vectors of malaria in Africa. The method, which is based on species-specific nucleotide sequences in the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacers, may be used to identify both species and interspecies hybrids, regardless of life stage, using either extracted DNA or fragments of a specimen. Intact portions of a mosquito as small as an egg or the segment of one leg may be placed directly into the PCR mixture for amplification and analysis. The method uses a cocktail of five 20-base oligonucleotides to identify An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. quadriannnulatus, and either An. melas in western Africa or An. melas in eastern and southern Africa.

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The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

Marianne Sinka, Michael J Bangs, Sylvie Manguin … (2011)

Background This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles gambiae is one of four DVS within the An. gambiae complex, the others being An. arabiensis and the coastal An. merus and An. melas. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed. Results A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method. Conclusions The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An. (Cel.) funestus*, An. (Cel.) gambiae, An. (Cel.) melas, An. (Cel.) merus, An. (Cel.) moucheti and An. (Cel.) nili*, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: An. (Anopheles) atroparvus, An. (Ano.) labranchiae, An. (Ano.) messeae, An. (Ano.) sacharovi, An. (Cel.) sergentii and An. (Cel.) superpictus*. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.

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A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group.

L Koekemoer, L Kamau, R H Hunt … (2002)

Anopheles funestus Giles is a major malaria vector in Africa belonging to a group of species with morphologically similar characteristics. Morphological identification of members of the A. funestus group is difficult because of overlap of distinguishing characteristics in adult or immature stages as well as the necessity to rear isofemale lines to examine larval and egg characters. A rapid rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed to accurately identify five members of the A. funestus group. This PCR is based on species-specific primers in the ITS2 region on the rDNA to identify A. funestus (approximately 505bp), Anopheles vaneedeni Gillies and Coetzee (approximately 587bp), Anopheles rivulorum Leeson (approximately 411bp), Anopheles leesoni Evans (approximately 146bp), and Anopheles parensis Gillies (approximately 252bp).

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Author and article information

Contributors

Maureen Coetzee:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2019-866X

maureen.coetzee@wits.ac.za , maureenc@nicd.ac.za

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Malar J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Malar. J

Title: Malaria Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2875

Publication date (Electronic): 13 February 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 13 February 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 19

Electronic Location Identifier: 70

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.11951.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1135, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, , University of the Witwatersrand, ; Johannesburg, South Africa

[2 ]GRID grid.416657.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0630 4574, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, , National Institute for Communicable Diseases, ; Johannesburg, South Africa

Author information

Maureen Coetzee http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2019-866X

Article

Publisher ID: 3144

DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3144-9

PMC ID: 7020601

PubMed ID: 32054502

SO-VID: a09f96ad-c4ff-4e87-82d4-b17451e96603

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 23 August 2019

Date accepted : 29 January 2020

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001321, National Research Foundation;

Award ID: 113300

Award Recipient : Maureen Coetzee

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

Keywords: anopheles,morphology,identification,key

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

Keywords: anopheles, morphology, identification, key

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Key to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Abstract

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JAMA Network: Coronavirus

Most cited references 26

Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction.

The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group.

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