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      Exploring COVID-19 stress and its factors in Bangladesh: A perception-based study

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          Abstract

          Background

          The COVID-19 pandemic has aggregated mental health sufferings throughout the entire world. Suicide completions are the extreme consequences of COVID-19 related psychological burdens, which was reported in many countries including Bangladesh. However, there are lack of study assessing COVID-19 related human stress and its’ associations with other relevant factors affecting quality of life in the country, and which were explored in the present study.

          Methods

          An online based survey was carried out among 340 Bangladeshi adult populations (65.90% male; mean age 26.23 ± 6.39) by utilizing the socio-demographics, possible human stress due to COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. Dataset were analysed through a set of statistical tools e.g., T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Matrix (PCM), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Cluster Analysis (CA).

          Results

          About 85.60% of the participants are in COVID-19-related stress, which results in sleep shortness, short temper, and chaos in family. Fear of COVID-19 infection (i.e., self and/or family member(s), and/or relatives), hampering scheduled study plan and future career, and financial difficulties are identified as the main causes of human stress. Results of PCM explain the relationship among the factors of human stress, and found economic hardship and food crisis are linked together causes stress of mass people, while hamper of formal education and future plan create stress of career seeker. T-test, and one-way ANOVA illustrate demographic characteristics (i.e., occupation, age, gender, and marital status) have significant effects on elevated mental stress. Moreover, PCA and CA results revealed significant interface among the respondents’ perception and factors of human stress, which matched with the existing scenario of the country.

          Conclusions

          Considering the present findings, it is essential to introduce time-oriented policy, and implement care monitoring plans in the country, which may help in managing the pandemic as well as nurturing the public mental health to combat COVID-19 related psychological challenges.

          Abstract

          Psychology; Public health; COVID-19; Stress; Crisis; Poverty; Mental health; Bangladeshi people.

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          Most cited references39

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          Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

          Sofia Pappa, Vasiliki Ntella, Timoleon Giannakas … (2020)
          Highlights • At least one in five healthcare professionals report symptoms of depression and anxiety. • Almost four in 10 healthcare workers experience sleeping difficulties and/or insomnia. • Rates of anxiety and depression were higher for female healthcare workers and nursing staff. • Milder mood symptoms are common and screening should aim to identify mild and sub-threshold syndromes.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1561 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation

            Daniel Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, Vida Imani … (2020)
            Background The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. The present study developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to complement the clinical efforts in preventing the spread and treating of COVID-19 cases. Methods The sample comprised 717 Iranian participants. The items of the FCV-19S were constructed based on extensive review of existing scales on fears, expert evaluations, and participant interviews. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain its reliability and validity properties. Results After panel review and corrected item-total correlation testing, seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation (0.47 to 0.56) were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings (0.66 to 0.74). Also, other properties evaluated using both classical test theory and Rasch model were satisfactory on the seven-item scale. More specifically, reliability values such as internal consistency (α = .82) and test–retest reliability (ICC = .72) were acceptable. Concurrent validity was supported by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (with depression, r = 0.425 and anxiety, r = 0.511) and the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale (with perceived infectability, r = 0.483 and germ aversion, r = 0.459). Conclusion The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population and will also be useful in allaying COVID-19 fears among individuals.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1443 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health

              Julio Torales, Marcelo O’Higgins, João Castaldelli-Maia … (2020)
              The current outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus infection among humans in Wuhan (China) and its spreading around the globe is heavily impacting on the global health and mental health. Despite all resources employed to counteract the spreading of the virus, additional global strategies are needed to handle the related mental health issues. Published articles concerning mental health related to the COVID-19 outbreak and other previous global infections have been considered and reviewed. This outbreak is leading to additional health problems such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, anger and fear globally. Collective concerns influence daily behaviors, economy, prevention strategies and decision-making from policy makers, health organizations and medical centers, which can weaken strategies of COVID-19 control and lead to more morbidity and mental health needs at global level.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Md. Bodrud-Doza
                Mohammed A. Mamun
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 July 2020
                Publication date (Print): July 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 July 2020
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 7
                Page: e04399
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
                [b ]Climate Change Programme (CCP), BRAC, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
                [c ]Undergraduate Research Organization, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
                [d ]Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
                [e ]Department of Public Health & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2405-8440(20)31243-3 Publisher ID: e04399
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04399
                PMC ID: 7350787
                PubMed ID: 32685726
                SO-VID: a1265bb9-14d2-4004-bf13-03995171b2a7
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 1 June 2020
                Date revision received : 24 June 2020
                Date accepted : 1 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: psychology,public health,covid-19,stress,crisis,poverty,mental health,bangladeshi people
                Data availability:
                Keywords: psychology, public health, covid-19, stress, crisis, poverty, mental health, bangladeshi people

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