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      Pregnancy-related suicide deaths in Antioquia (Colombia), 2004-2014 Translated title: Mortalidad por suicidio relacionado con el embarazo en Antioquia (Colombia), 2004-2014

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To characterise the population of women who died as a result of suicide during pregnancy, delivery and the postpartum period in the Department of Antioquia between 2004 and 2014, and to estimate the proportion of deaths due to suicide. Materials and methods: Descriptive study of suicide deaths during pregnancy, delivery and the postpartum period in women living in the Department of Antioquia, in central Colombia, identified between 2004 and 2014. All the cases identified from the National Public Health Surveillance (SIVIGILA) reporting system and death certificates were included. Data were taken from clinical records and charts. Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. Risk factors taken into consideration included a personal or family history of mental disorder, the use of psychoactive substances, attempted suicide, domestic violence and intimate partner violence. Categorical variables were grouped according to frequency in terms percentages; medians and inter-quartile ranges were calculated for continuous variables. The proportion of suicide deaths was calculated over the total number of maternal deaths which occurred in the Department during the study period, and the mortality ratio was calculated specifically by age groups taking into consideration the number of deaths identified in the research by age group and the total number of live births reported by DANE in women of that age during the 11-year period, expressed as number of maternal deaths /1000 live births. Results: Between 2004 and 2014 there were a total of 476 maternal deaths and 24 cases of suicide death, for a proportion of 4.8%. Data were available for descriptions in 18 cases. The highest number of suicide deaths occurred in the age group between 20 and 29 years, single women, housewives for students, living in rural areas, affiliated to the subsidised healthcare regime and with less than complete secondary education and one-half of the patients had attended prenatal care visits. Deaths were due to poisoning and 30% were suicide by hanging. There was a similar distribution between the deaths that occurred in the first two trimesters of pregnancy and the late postpartum period. Here were no data in the personal history of risk factors for suicide in 44.4% of cases, or in the family history in 72.2% of cases. Conclusions: Pregnancy-related suicide deaths are an important cause of potentially avoidable maternal mortality. Identification of vulnerable patients is required in order to offer active treatment and reinforce follow-up. Greater commitment is needed in terms of event documentation, notification, follow-up and analysis.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar la población de mujeres que murieron por suicidio durante el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio en Antioquia entre 2004 y 2014, y calcular la proporción de muertes por suicidio. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de muertes por suicidio de mujeres residentes en el departamento de Antioquia, región central de Colombia, durante el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio, identificados entre 2004 y 2014. Se incluyeron todos los casos detectados a partir de los reportes al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) y el certificado de defunción; la información se obtuvo de historias y registros clínicos. Se evaluaron las características clínicas y sociodemográficas; como factores de riesgo se tuvo en cuenta el antecedente personal o familiar de trastorno mental, el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, los intentos de suicidio, la violencia intrafamiliar y la violencia de pareja. Las variables categóricas se agruparon según su frecuencia como proporciones y porcentajes; para las variables continuas se calculó la mediana y el respectivo rango intercuartílico. Se calcularon la proporción de muertes por suicidio sobre el total de muertes maternas ocurridas en el departamento en este periodo, y la razón de mortalidad específica por grupos de edad teniendo en cuenta el número de muertes identificadas en la investigación por grupo etario, y el número total de nacidos vivos reportados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), en mujeres de esa edad en ese periodo de 11 años, expresados como número de muertes maternas/1000 nacidos vivos. Resultados: entre el 2004 y el 2014 se presentaron 476 muertes maternas y 24 casos de muerte por suicidio, para una proporción de 4,8 %. En 18 casos se contó con información para la descripción. El mayor número de suicidios se presentó en el grupo de 20 a 29 años de edad, solteras, dedicadas a las labores del hogar o a estudiar, residentes en zonas rurales, pertenecientes al régimen subsidiado y con niveles de escolaridad inferiores a bachillerato completo; la mitad de las pacientes había realizado control prenatal; el 70% murieron por envenenamiento y 30% por ahorcamiento; hubo una distribución similar de las muertes en los 2 primeros trimestres del embarazo y el posparto tardío. No se encontró información sobre factores de riesgo para suicidio en el 44,4% de los casos en la historia personal, y 72,2% en la familiar. Conclusiones: la muerte por suicidio relacionado con el embarazo es una importante causa de mortalidad materna, potencialmente evitable; hace falta identificar las pacientes vulnerables para ofrecer un tratamiento activo y reforzar el seguimiento. Se requiere mayor compromiso con el diligenciamiento de los registros, la notificación, el seguimiento y el análisis de los eventos.

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          Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum.

          This review examined the available prevalence estimates of suicidality (suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation including thoughts of self harm) in pregnancy and the postpartum. Studies that used defined community or clinic samples were identified through multiple electronic databases and contacts with primary authors. Definitions of and measurement of suicide deaths, intentional self-harming behavior, suicide attempts, and thoughts of death and self-harm were varied and are described with each study. While suicide deaths and attempts are lower during pregnancy and the postpartum than in the general population of women, when deaths do occur, suicides account for up to 20% of postpartum deaths. Self-harm ideation is more common than attempts or deaths, with thoughts of self-harm during pregnancy and the postpartum ranging from 5 to 14%. The risk for suicidality is significantly elevated among depressed women during the perinatal period, and suicide has been found to be the second or leading cause of death in this depressed population.
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            Homicide and suicide during the perinatal period: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System.

            To estimate the rates of pregnancy-associated homicide and suicide in a multistate sample from the National Violent Death Reporting System, to compare these rates with other causes of maternal mortality, and to describe victims' demographic characteristics. We analyzed data from female victims of reproductive age from 2003 to 2007. We identified pregnancy-associated violent deaths as deaths attributable to homicide or suicide during pregnancy or within the first year postpartum, and we calculated the rates of pregnancy-associated homicide and suicide as the number of deaths per 100,000 live births in the sample population. We used descriptive statistics to report victims' demographic characteristics and prevalence of intimate-partner violence. There were 94 counts of pregnancy-associated suicide and 139 counts of pregnancy-associated homicide, yielding pregnancy-associated suicide and homicide rates of 2.0 and 2.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, respectively. Victims of pregnancy-associated suicide were significantly more likely to be older and white or Native American as compared with all live births in National Violent Death Reporting System states. Pregnancy-associated homicide victims were significantly more likely to be at the extremes of the age range and African American. In our study, 54.3% of pregnancy-associated suicides involved intimate partner conflict that appeared to contribute to the suicide, and 45.3% of pregnancy-associated homicides were associated with intimate-partner violence. Our results indicate that pregnancy-associated homicide and suicide are important contributors to maternal mortality and confirm the need to evaluate the relationships between sociodemographic disparities and intimate-partner violence with pregnancy-associated violent death.
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              Suicide in perinatal and non-perinatal women in contact with psychiatric services: 15 year findings from a UK national inquiry.

              Suicide in pregnant and postnatal women is an important cause of maternal death, but evidence to guide suicide prevention in this group is scarce. We aimed to compare the trend, nature, and correlates of suicide in perinatal and non-perinatal women in contact with psychiatric services.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcog
                Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
                Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol
                Federación Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología; Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología (Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia )
                0034-7434
                2463-0225
                December 2018
                : 69
                : 4
                : 239-248
                Affiliations
                [1] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [3] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [2] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0034-74342018000400239
                10.18597/rcog.3125
                a16f0b0c-fb50-4c7a-ba20-898d993a8885

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 January 2018
                : 08 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Original researches

                maternal mortality.,salud materna,Maternal health,suicidio,mortalidad materna.,suicide

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