Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles

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Abstract

<p class="first" id="d8767751e77">Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively. They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles. </p>

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Rab11 promotes docking and fusion of multivesicular bodies in a calcium-dependent manner.

Ariel Savina, Claudio Fader, María Damiani … (2005)

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are membranous structures within 60-100 nm diameter vesicles accumulate. MVBs are generated after invagination and pinching off of the endosomal membrane in the lumen of the vacuole. In certain cell types, fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane results in the release of the internal vesicles called exosomes. In this report we have examined how an increase in cytosolic calcium affects the development of MVBs and exosome release in K562 cells overexpressing GFP-Rab11 wt or its mutants. In cells overexpressing the Rab11Q70 L mutant or Rab11 wt, an increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration induced by monensin caused a marked enlargement of the MVBs. This effect was abrogated by the membrane permeant calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. We also examined the behavior of MVBs in living cells by time lapse confocal microscopy. Many MVBs, decorated by wt or Q70L mutant GFP-Rab11, were docked and ready to fuse in the presence of a calcium chelator. This observation suggests that Rab11 is acting in the tethering/docking of MVBs to promote homotypic fusion, but that the final fusion reaction requires the presence of calcium. Additionally, a rise in intracellular calcium concentration enhanced exosome secretion in Rab11 wt overexpressing cells and reversed the inhibition of the mutants. The results suggest that both Rab11 and calcium are involved in the homotypic fusion of MVBs.

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Journal

Title: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

Abbreviated Title: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

Publisher: Springer Nature

ISSN (Print): 1471-0072

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-0080

Publication date Created: January 17 2018

Publication date (Print): January 17 2018

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Article

DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.125

PubMed ID: 29339798

SO-VID: a182c6eb-23ea-4086-a71b-dd6aa03277eb

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