Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form of nonischemic cardiomyopathy worldwide and can lead to sudden cardiac death and heart failure. Despite ongoing advances made in the treatment of DCM, improvement of outcome remains problematic. Stem cell therapy has been extensively studied in preclinical and clinical models of ischemic heart disease, showing potential benefit. DCM is associated with a major health burden, and few studies have been performed on cell therapy for DCM. In this systematic review we aimed to provide an overview of preclinical and clinical studies performed on cell therapy for DCM. A systematic search, critical appraisal, and summarized outcomes are presented. In total, 29 preclinical and 15 clinical studies were included. Methodologic quality of reported studies in general was low based on the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Oxford University, criteria. A large heterogeneity in inclusion criteria, procedural characteristics, and outcome measures was noted. The majority of studies showed a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction after cell therapy during follow-up. Stem cell therapy has shown moderate but significant effects in clinical trials for ischemic heart disease, but it remains to be determined if we can extrapolate these results to DCM patients. There is a need for methodologically sound studies to elucidate underlying mechanisms and translate those into improved therapy for clinical practice. To validate safety and efficacy of cell therapy for DCM, adequate randomized (placebo) controlled trials using different strategies are mandatory. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.