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      Techos de cristal en las sociedades científicas y los colegios profesionales del ámbito de la salud en España en 2019 Translated title: Glass ceilings in the scientific societies and professional associations in the field of health in Spain in 2019

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Analizar la composición de las estructuras directivas de los colegios profesionales y las sociedades científicas españolas del ámbito de la salud en 2019 y compararlas con los datos de 2014 y 2015. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se recopilaron los datos de las sociedades científicas del ámbito sanitario con representación estatal a fecha 30 de mayo de 2019 y de los colegios profesionales con representación provincial, autonómica o estatal a fecha 1 de junio de 2019. Se compararon con los datos de 2014 y 2015. Resultados Se analizaron 259 colegios profesionales y 163 sociedades científicas. Tanto los colegios profesionales como las sociedades científicas del ámbito de la salud en 2019 superan el porcentaje del 40% de composición equilibrada. Los cargos que más han aumentado en porcentaje de mujeres son los de vicesecretaria (20,8%) o secretaria (9,3% en sociedades), vicepresidenta (8,8% y 11%) y vocal (6,4% y 4%). Lo cargos de presidenta (2%) y decana (6%) los que menos han aumentado. Conclusiones Es necesario continuar con los esfuerzos para avanzar en una representación equitativa por sexo.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective To analyze the composition of the management structures of Spanish professional associations and scientific societies in the field of health in 2019 and compare them with the data obtained in 2014 and 2015. Method descriptive cross-sectional study. Scientific societies in the health field with state representation as of May 30, 2019 and data from professional associations with provincial, regional or state representation were collected as of June 1, 2019. They are compared to 2014 and 2015. Results 259 professional associations and 163 scientific societies were analyzed. Both professional associations and scientific societies in the field of Health in 2019 exceed the percentage of 40% of balanced composition. The positions that have increased the most in percentage of women are those of vice-secretary (20,8%) or secretaries (9,3% in companies), vice-presidencies (8,8% and 11%) and members (6,4% and 4%). Presidency (2%) and dean (6%), the least. Conclusions It is necessary to continue with the efforts to advance in an equitable representation by sex.

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          A systematic review of interventions to support the careers of women in academic medicine and other disciplines

          Objective To summarise quantitative evaluations of interventions designed to support the careers of women in academia of any discipline. Method A systematic search of English entries in PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar was conducted in September 2017. Methodological quality of the studies was independently assessed by two authors using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal checklists. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity in methods and outcomes; results were synthesised and displayed narratively. Results Eighteen eligible studies were identified, mostly evaluating programmes in academic medicine departments. The most common interventions were mentoring, education, professional development and/or networking programmes. All programmes took a ‘bottom-up’ approach in that women were responsible for opting into and devoting time to participation. Study quality was low overall, but all studies reported positive outcomes on at least one indicator. Most often this included improvements in self-rated skills and capabilities, or satisfaction with the programme offered. Results regarding tangible outcomes were mixed; while some studies noted improvements in promotion, retention and remuneration, others did not. Conclusions This review suggests that targeted programmes have the potential to improve some outcomes for women in academia. However, the studies provide limited high-quality evidence to provide information for academic institutions in terms of the best way to improve outcomes for women in academia. The success of an intervention appears to be undermined when it relies on the additional labour of those it is intending to support (ie, ‘bottom-up’ approaches). As such, academic institutions should consider and evaluate the efficacy of ‘top-down’ interventions that start with change in practice of higher management.
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              Women’s leadership in academic medicine: a systematic review of extent, condition and interventions

              Objectives Because culture reflects leadership, the making of diverse and inclusive medical schools begins with diversity among leaders. The inclusion of women leaders remains elusive, warranting a systematic exploration of scholarship in this area. We ask: (1) What is the extent of women’s leadership in academic medicine? (2) What factors influence women’s leadership? (3) What is the impact of leadership development programmes? Design Systematic review. Data sources A systematic search of six online databases (OvidMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library and ERIC) from the earliest date available to April 2018 was conducted. Bridging searches were conducted from April 2018 until October 2019. Eligibility criteria (1) Peer-reviewed; (2) English; (3) Quantitative studies (prospective and retrospective cohort, cross-sectional and preintervention/postintervention); evaluating (4) The extent of women’s leadership at departmental, college and graduate programme levels; (5) Factors influencing women’s leadership; (6) Leadership development programmes. Quantitative studies that explored women’s leadership in journal editorial boards and professional societies and qualitative study designs were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers screened retrieved data of abstracts and full-texts for eligibility, assessment and extracted study-level data independently. The included studies were objectively appraised using the Medical Education Research Quality Study Instrument with an inter-rater reliability of (κ=0.93). Results Of 4024 records retrieved, 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. The extent of women’s leadership was determined through gender distribution of leadership positions. Women’s leadership emergence was hindered by institutional requirements such as research productivity and educational credentials, while women’s enactment of leadership was hindered by lack of policy implementation. Leadership development programmes had a positive influence on women’s individual enactment of leadership and on medical schools’ cultures. Conclusions Scholarship on women’s leadership inadvertently produced institute-centric rather than women-centric research. More robust contextualised scholarship is needed to provide practical-recommendations; drawing on existing conceptual frameworks and using more rigorous research methods.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                August 2022
                : 36
                : 4
                : 380-383
                Affiliations
                [1] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Sevilla orgdiv1Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología Spain
                Article
                S0213-91112022000400380 S0213-9111(22)03600400380
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.09.002
                34785113
                a2053e4a-47fe-410b-98a1-2e9e9debd000

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 May 2021
                : 08 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales Breves

                Health professions,Género,Glass ceilings,Professional associations,Scientific societies,Inequalities,Gender,Techos de cristal,Profesiones sanitarias,Colegios profesionales,Sociedades científicas,Desigualdades

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