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      Risk factors for chronic kidney disease: an update

      Author(s): 1 , *

      Publication date (Electronic):

      Journal: Kidney International Supplements

      Publisher: Nature Publishing Group

      Keywords: age, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, gender, hypertension

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          Abstract

          Chronic kidney disease has become a serious public health issue. There are currently over 1.4 million patients receiving renal replacement therapy worldwide. One way to reduce the economic burden of chronic kidney disease would be early intervention. In order to achieve this, we should be able to identify individuals with increased risk of renal disease. An individual's genetic and phenotypic make-up puts him/her at risk for kidney disease. Factors such as race, gender, age, and family history are highly important. For instance, being of African-American decent, older age, low birth weight and family history of kidney disease are considered to be strong risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Moreover, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus can also lead to kidney disease. An uncontrolled diabetic and/or hypertensive patient can easily and quickly progress to an end-stage kidney disease patient. Exposure to heavy metals, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and the use of analgesic medications also constitute risks. Experiencing acute kidney injury, a history of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, hepatitis C virus, HIV infection, and malignancy are further risk factors. Determination of serum creatinine levels and urinalysis in patients with chronic kidney disease risk will usually be sufficient for initial screening.

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          Most cited references 29

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          Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men.

           Seamus P. Whelton,  M Klag,  Lawrence N. Shulman … (1996)
          End-stage renal disease in the United States creates a large burden for both individuals and society as a whole. Efforts to prevent the condition require an understanding of modifiable risk factors. We assessed the development of end-stage renal disease through 1990 in 332,544 men, 35 to 57 years of age, who were screened between 1973 and 1975 for entry into the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). We used data from the national registry for treated end-stage renal disease of the Health Care Financing Administration and from records on death from renal disease from the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration. During an average of 16 years of follow-up, 814 subjects either died of end-stage renal disease or were treated for that condition (15.6 cases per 100,000 person-years of observation). A strong, graded relation between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and end-stage renal disease was identified, independent of associations between the disease and age, race, income, use of medication for diabetes mellitus, history of myocardial infarction, serum cholesterol concentration, and cigarette smoking. As compared with men with an optimal level of blood pressure (systolic pressure or = 210 mm Hg or diastolic pressure > or = 120 mm Hg) was 22.1 (P < 0.001). These relations were not due to end-stage renal disease that occurred soon after screening and, in the 12,866 screened men who entered the MRFIT study, were not changed by taking into account the base-line serum creatinine concentration and urinary protein excretion. The estimated risk of end-stage renal disease associated with elevations of systolic pressure was greater than that linked with elevations of diastolic pressure when both variables were considered together. Elevations of blood pressure are a strong independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease; interventions to prevent the disease need to emphasize the prevention and control of both high-normal and high blood pressure.
          Article 0 comments Cited 191 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Multiple loci associated with indices of renal function and chronic kidney disease.

             Brad C. Astor,  David Siscovick,  Richard Harris … (2009)
            Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a heritable component and is an important global public health problem because of its high prevalence and morbidity. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify susceptibility loci for glomerular filtration rate, estimated by serum creatinine (eGFRcrea) and cystatin C (eGFRcys), and CKD (eGFRcrea < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) in European-ancestry participants of four population-based cohorts (ARIC, CHS, FHS, RS; n = 19,877; 2,388 CKD cases), and tested for replication in 21,466 participants (1,932 CKD cases). We identified significant SNP associations (P < 5 × 10(-8)) with CKD at the UMOD locus, with eGFRcrea at UMOD, SHROOM3 and GATM-SPATA5L1, and with eGFRcys at CST and STC1. UMOD encodes the most common protein in human urine, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and rare mutations in UMOD cause mendelian forms of kidney disease. Our findings provide new insights into CKD pathogenesis and underscore the importance of common genetic variants influencing renal function and disease.
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              Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease.

               G Gutjahr,  C Temml,  Rudolf Obermayr … (2008)
              Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that uric acid predicts the development of new-onset kidney disease, but it is unclear whether uric acid is an independent risk factor. In this study, data from 21,475 healthy volunteers who were followed prospectively for a median of 7 yr were analyzed to examine the association between uric acid level and incident kidney disease (estimated GFR [eGFR] or =9.0 mg/dl) was associated with a tripled risk (odds ratio 3.12; 95% confidence interval 2.29 to 4.25). These increases in risk remained significant even after adjustment for baseline eGFR, gender, age, antihypertensive drugs, and components of the metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose, triglycerides, and BP). In a fully adjusted spline model, the risk for incident kidney disease increased roughly linearly with uric acid level to a level of approximately 6 to 7 mg/dl in women and 7 to 8 mg/dl in men; above these levels, the associated risk increased rapidly. In conclusion, elevated levels of uric acid independently increase the risk for new-onset kidney disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Kidney Int Suppl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Kidney Int Suppl
                Title: Kidney International Supplements
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Print): 2157-1724
                ISSN (Electronic): 2157-1716
                Publication date (Print): December 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 November 2013
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 368-371
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University , Istanbul, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Iç Hastaliklari AD/Nefroloji BD , Adnan Menderes Bulvari (Vatan Cad.) PK: 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail: rkazancioglu@ 123456bezmialem.edu.tr
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: kisup201379
                DOI: 10.1038/kisup.2013.79
                PMC ID: 4089662
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology
                Categories
                Subject: Meeting Report

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nephrology

                Keywords: hypertension, gender, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, age

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