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      Frecuencia y características clínicas, hormonales y ultrasonográficas sugestivas de síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos en un grupo de mujeres con síndrome metabólico Translated title: Frequency and clinical, hormonal and ultrasonographic characteristics suggestive of polycystic ovarian syndrome in a group of females with metabolic syndrome

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          Abstract

          El síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos es la afectación endocrina más frecuente en la mujer en edad reproductiva. La insulinorresistencia y el hiperinsulinismo consecuente parecen ser la base de los trastornos que lo caracterizan, por lo que no es erróneo pensar que en mujeres con síndrome metabólico, cuya base fisiopatológica son la insulinorresistencia y el hiperinsulinismo, puedan aparecer elementos clínicos, humorales y ultrasonográficos del síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia y características clínicas, hormonales y ultrasonográficas sugestivas del síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos en un grupo de mujeres con diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal en 90 mujeres entre 18 y 45 años de edad con diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico, a las cuales se les aplicó interrogatorio y examen físico buscando signos clínicos del síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos (infertilidad, trastornos menstruales, hirsutismo, acné); además, determinación de la hormona foliculoestimulante, de la hormona luteinizante, prolactina, testosterona total, así como ultrasonido ginecológico transvaginal, entre el 3ro. y 5to. día del ciclo menstrual si estuviera menstruando, y de lo contrario en cualquier momento, así como también progesterona entre los días 21 y 23 del ciclo, siempre que estuvieran menstruando. Se diagnosticó una paciente con síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos cuando tenía 1 o ambos criterios clínicos, 1 o ambos criterios hormonales y el criterio ultrasonográfico. RESULTADOS: el 67,8 % de las mujeres presentaron oligomenorrea, un 81,1 % hirsutismo, el 65,6 % tuvo niveles de progesterona anovulatoria y el 55,6 % testosterona elevada. El 63,3 % del grupo estudiado tuvo signos ultrasonográficos sugestivos de poliquísticos ováricos, y el signo más frecuente fue la presencia de 10 o más folículos de periferia ovárica y engrosamiento del estroma. El 51,1 % cumplió con los criterios para el diagnóstico del síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos. Cuando comparamos el comportamiento entre el grupo de mujeres con y sin síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos, observamos que la media del índice de insulinorresistencia fue superior en aquellas que presentaron síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos (7,5 vs. 6,5), en relación con la tensión arterial, la sistólica fue significativamente superior en el grupo con poliquistosis (145,9 mmHg vs. 138,6 mmHg). En relación con el índice de masa corporal, aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas, el porcentaje de mujeres con él ³ 30 kg/m² fue superior en las diagnosticadas con síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos que en las que no lo tenían (54,1 % vs. 45,9 %). CONCLUSIONES: la frecuencia de síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos es elevada en mujeres con diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico, los signos más frecuentes son el hirsutismo, los niveles elevados de testosterona y la presencia de ³ 10 folículos menores de 10 mm en la periferia del ovario. Existe mayor tendencia de desarrollarse el síndrome en aquellas con síndrome metabólico que tengan niveles más elevados de tensión arterial sistólica, mayor índice de insulinorresistencia y mayor peso corporal.

          Translated abstract

          The polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most frequent endocrine affection in females at reproductive age. Nowadays, it is known that insulin resistance and consequent hyperinsulinism seem to be the basis of the disorders characterizing it. That's why, it is not erroneous to think that in females with metabolic syndrome, whose physiopathological bases are insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism, there may appear clinical, humoral and ultrasonographic elements of the polycystic ovarian syndrome. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency and clinical, hormonal and ultrasonographic characteristics suggestive of polycystic ovarian syndrome in a group of females with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was undertaken among 90 females aged 18-45 with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome according to the modified criteria of the World Health Organization. They were interviewed and physically examined seeking clinical signs of polycystic ovarian syndrome (infertility, menstrual disorders, hirsutism, acne). Besides, the folliculostimulating hormone, the luteinizing hormone, prolactin and total testosterone were determined. A transvaginal gynecological ultrasound was performed between the third and the fifth day of the menstrual cycle, if they were menstruating or at any other moment, if they were not. Progesterone was also determined between the 21st and the 23rd day of the cycle, provided that they were menstruating. Patients were diagnosed polycystic ovarian syndrome when they had one or both clinical criteria, one or both hormonal criteria and the ultrasonographic criterion. RESULTS: 67.8 % of females presented oligomenorrhea; 81.1 %, hirsutism; 65.6 %, anovulatory progesterone values; and 55.6 % elevated testosterone. 63.3 % of the studied group had ultrasonographic signs suggestive of polycystic ovaries, and the most frequent sign was the presence of 10 or more follicles of ovarian periphery and stromal thickening. 51.1 % fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. When we compared the behaviour of the group of females with polycystic ovarian syndrome and that without it, we observed that the mean of the insulin resistance index was higher in those that presented polycystic ovarian syndrome (7.5 vs. 6.5). As to the arterial tension, the systolic was significantly higher in the group with polycystosis (145.9 mmHg vs. 138.6 mmHg). As regards the body mass index, although there were not significantly statistical differences, the percentage of females with it ³ 30 kg/m² was higher in the patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome than in those without it (54.1 % vs. 45.9 %). CONCLUSIONS: the frequency of polycystic ovarian syndrome is high in females with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The most common signs are hirsutism, elevated levels of testosterone and the presence of ³ 10 follicles under 10 mm in the periphery of the ovary. There is a greater trend to develop this syndrome in females with metabolic syndrome presenting higher levels of systolic arterial tension, higher index of insulin resistance and more body weight.

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          Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment.

          To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a large population of patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Prospective, case-control. University medical center. Two hundred seventy-one PCOS patients and 260 eumenorrheic, non-hirsute, control women. History and physical examination and blood sampling. Total T, free T, DHEAS, sex hormone-binding globulin, and fasting glucose and insulin levels; homeostatic model assessment values for IR (HOMA-IR) and percent beta-cell function (HOMA-%beta-cell). Patients with PCOS and controls differed significantly in all parameters studied, except fasting glucose. Because the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%beta-cell values were variably associated with race, age, and body mass index, the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%beta-cell values were then adjusted for these cofounders. After adjustment, 64.4% of PCOS patients were noted to be insulin resistant, and 2.6% had beta-cell dysfunction. Compared with PCOS patients without IR (n = 96), patients with IR (n = 174) were more obese and had higher beta-cell function. In patients with PCOS, the prevalence of IR was 64% according to the HOMA-IR measurement, after adjustment. Patients with IR were more clinically affected. Although IR is a common abnormality in PCOS, it does not seem to be a universal feature.
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            Developmental origin of polycystic ovary syndrome - a hypothesis.

            Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common but complex endocrine disorder and is a major cause of anovulation and consequent subfertility. It is also associated with a metabolic disturbance, characterized by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance that carries an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. Despite its prevalence little is known about its aetiology, but there is increasing evidence for an important genetic involvement. On the basis of experimental observations in the prenatally androgenized sheep and rhesus monkey, and supported by data from human studies, we propose that the clinical and biochemical features of PCOS can arise as a consequence of genetically determined hypersecretion of androgens by the ovary during, or very likely long before, puberty. The resulting hyperandrogenism results in 'programming' of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit to favour excess LH secretion, and encourages preferential abdominal adiposity that predisposes to insulin resistance. The severity of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance (which has a profound influence on the phenotype of PCOS) is further influenced by both genetic factors (such as polymorphism in the insulin gene regulatory region) and environmental factors, notably obesity. This hypothesis therefore suggests a unifying, 'linear' model to explain the aetiology of the heterogeneous phenotype.
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              Obesity and androgens: facts and perspectives.

              This review discusses androgen status in male and female obesity, according to their specific phenotype, and the main mechanisms responsible. Published data in the literature of the last 20 years represented the basis of most of the data and concepts incorporated in the review. Obesity is associated with profound alterations in androgen secretion, transport, metabolism, and action, according to a dichotomous behavior depending on sex. Obese men are characterized by a progressive decrease of testosterone levels with increasing body weight, whereas obese women, particularly those with the abdominal phenotype, tend to develop a condition of functional hyperandrogenism. Reduced sex hormone-binding globulin synthesis and circulating blood levels represent the sole common mechanism which is responsible in both sexes. Among other still partially undefined factors, mechanisms potentially responsible for the sex dichotomy in androgen levels involve specific alterations of gonadotropin secretion, estrogens, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leptin, androgen receptors, specific steroidogenic enzymes in the peripheral tissues, and, possibly, ghrelin. In both sexes, androgens play an important role in determining the sex-dependent pattern of body fat distribution. Moreover there are theoretical possibilities that low testosterone in men and high free testosterone fraction in women may play a role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. This is exemplified by the well defined association between obesity and other features of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and in hypogonadal men. The effects of androgen and antiandrogens in obese men and women also represent arguments in favor of this association. Given the fundamental role of sex hormones in the regulation of body composition, fuel homeostasis, and reproduction in humans, more emphasis should be placed on the potential role of androgen dysregulation in the pathophysiology of different obesity phenotypes and the metabolic syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
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                Revista Cubana de Endocrinología
                Rev Cubana Endocrinol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-2953
                April 2008
                : 19
                : 1
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología Cuba
                Article
                S1561-29532008000100004
                a224a07d-d1c4-4104-95e7-42fbe4eb2778

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1561-2953&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Metabolic syndrome,polycystic ovaries,Síndrome metabólico,ovarios poliquísticos

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