Virus neutralising activity of African fruit bat ( Eidolon helvum ) sera against emerging lyssaviruses

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Abstract

It is likely that phylogroup 2 lyssaviruses circulate within bat reservoirs. We adapted a pseudotype (pt) neutralisation assay (PNA) to a multiplex format enabling serosurveillance for Lagos bat virus (LBV), Mokola virus (MOKV) and West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV) in a potential reservoir, the African straw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum. Highly correlated titres were observed between single and multiplex PNAs using ptLBV and ptMOKV ( r = 0.97, p < 0.0001), validating its use for bat serosurveillance. Of the bat serum samples screened 56% neutralised ptLBV, 27% ptMOKV and 1% ptWCBV. Mean VNAb titres were 1:266, 1:35 and 1:7 against ptLBV, ptMOKV and ptWCBV respectively. The high seroprevalence estimates suggest that the infection rate of LBV in E. helvum remains high enough to persist in this species. This supports the hypothesis that LBV is endemic in Ghanaian E. helvum and we speculate that LBV may have co-evolved with African megachiroptera.

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Most cited references 55

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Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia.

Ryan Coleman, Martin Meltzer, Isabel M. Miranda … (2005)

To quantify the public health and economic burden of endemic canine rabies in Africa and Asia. Data from these regions were applied to a set of linked epidemiological and economic models. The human population at risk from endemic canine rabies was predicted using data on dog density, and human rabies deaths were estimated using a series of probability steps to determine the likelihood of clinical rabies developing in a person after being bitten by a dog suspected of having rabies. Model outputs on mortality and morbidity associated with rabies were used to calculate an improved disability-adjusted life year (DALY) score for the disease. The total societal cost incurred by the disease is presented. Human mortality from endemic canine rabies was estimated to be 55 000 deaths per year (90% confidence interval (CI) = 24 000-93 000). Deaths due to rabies are responsible for 1.74 million DALYs lost each year (90% CI = 0.75-2.93). An additional 0.04 million DALYs are lost through morbidity and mortality following side-effects of nerve-tissue vaccines. The estimated annual cost of rabies is USD 583.5 million (90% CI = USD 540.1-626.3 million). Patient-borne costs for post-exposure treatment form the bulk of expenditure, accounting for nearly half the total costs of rabies. Rabies remains an important yet neglected disease in Africa and Asia. Disparities in the affordability and accessibility of post-exposure treatment and risks of exposure to rabid dogs result in a skewed distribution of the disease burden across society, with the major impact falling on those living in poor rural communities, in particular children.

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Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats.

Daniel G Streicker, Amy Turmelle, Maarten J. Vonhof … (2010)

For RNA viruses, rapid viral evolution and the biological similarity of closely related host species have been proposed as key determinants of the occurrence and long-term outcome of cross-species transmission. Using a data set of hundreds of rabies viruses sampled from 23 North American bat species, we present a general framework to quantify per capita rates of cross-species transmission and reconstruct historical patterns of viral establishment in new host species using molecular sequence data. These estimates demonstrate diminishing frequencies of both cross-species transmission and host shifts with increasing phylogenetic distance between bat species. Evolutionary constraints on viral host range indicate that host species barriers may trump the intrinsic mutability of RNA viruses in determining the fate of emerging host-virus interactions.

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Heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies are produced by individuals immunized with a seasonal influenza vaccine.

Davide Corti, Amorsolo L Suguitan, Debora Pinna … (2010)

The target of neutralizing antibodies that protect against influenza virus infection is the viral protein HA. Genetic and antigenic variation in HA has been used to classify influenza viruses into subtypes (H1-H16). The neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus is thought to be specific for a few antigenically related isolates within a given subtype. However, while heterosubtypic antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple influenza virus subtypes have been recently isolated from phage display libraries, it is not known whether such antibodies are produced in the course of an immune response to influenza virus infection or vaccine. Here we report that, following vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine containing H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes, some individuals produce antibodies that cross-react with H5 HA. By immortalizing IgG-expressing B cells from 4 individuals, we isolated 20 heterosubtypic mAbs that bound and neutralized viruses belonging to several HA subtypes (H1, H2, H5, H6, and H9), including the pandemic A/California/07/09 H1N1 isolate. The mAbs used different VH genes and carried a high frequency of somatic mutations. With the exception of a mAb that bound to the HA globular head, all heterosubtypic mAbs bound to acid-sensitive epitopes in the HA stem region. Four mAbs were evaluated in vivo and protected mice from challenge with influenza viruses representative of different subtypes. These findings reveal that seasonal influenza vaccination can induce polyclonal heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies that cross-react with the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Edward Wright

David T.S. Hayman

Aisling Vaughan

Nigel J. Temperton

James L.N. Wood

Andrew A. Cunningham

Richard Suu-Ire

Robin A. Weiss

Anthony R. Fooks

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virology

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Virology

Title: Virology

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc.

ISSN (Print): 0042-6822

ISSN (Electronic): 1096-0341

Publication date PMC-release: 15 October 2010

Publication date (Print): 20 December 2010

Publication date (Electronic): 15 October 2010

Volume: 408

Issue: 2

Pages: 183-189

Affiliations

[a ]Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK

[b ]Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK

[c ]Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK

[d ]Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK

[e ]School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK

[f ]Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ring Road East, P. O. Box M161, Accra, Ghana

[g ]Wildlife Division of the Ghana Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana

[h ]The National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding authors. E. Wright is to be contacted at Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK. Fax: +44 20 7679 9555. A.R. Fooks, Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3BN, UK. Fax: +44 1932 357239. edward.wright@ 123456ucl.ac.uk t.fooks@ 123456vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk

[1]

Present address: The Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Old Road Campus Research Building (ORCRB), Off Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX37DQ, UK.

Article

Publisher ID: S0042-6822(10)00602-1

DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.014

PMC ID: 7172354

PubMed ID: 20951400

SO-VID: a23d6eed-2207-420b-bc23-8c0da8731b52

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Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

History

Date received : 8 July 2010

Date accepted : 16 September 2010

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Virus neutralising activity of African fruit bat ( Eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses

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Zika Virus

Most cited references 55

Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia.

Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats.

Heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies are produced by individuals immunized with a seasonal influenza vaccine.

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Cited by 24