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      Heterologous expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis ofTrichoderma reeseixylanase II and four variants

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          Hemicellulose bioconversion.

          Badal Saha (2003)
          Various agricultural residues, such as corn fiber, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse, contain about 20-40% hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. The conversion of hemicellulose to fuels and chemicals is problematic. In this paper, various pretreatment options as well as enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is reviewed. Our research dealing with the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of corn fiber and development of novel and improved enzymes such as endo-xylanase, beta-xylosidase, and alpha- l-arabinofuranosidase for hemicellulose bioconversion is described. The barriers, progress, and prospects of developing an environmentally benign bioprocess for large-scale conversion of hemicellulose to fuel ethanol, xylitol, 2,3-butanediol, and other value-added fermentation products are highlighted.
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            Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications.

            Xylan is the principal type of hemicellulose. It is a linear polymer of beta-D-xylopyranosyl units linked by (1-4) glycosidic bonds. In nature, the polysaccharide backbone may be added to 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl units, acetyl groups, alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl, etc., in variable proportions. An enzymatic complex is responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan, but the main enzymes involved are endo-1,4-beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase. These enzymes are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insect, seeds, etc., but the principal commercial source is filamentous fungi. Recently, there has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement in animal feed, for the manufacture of bread, food and drinks, textiles, bleaching of cellulose pulp, ethanol and xylitol production. This review describes some properties of xylan and its metabolism, as well as the biochemical properties of xylanases and their commercial applications.
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              Directed evolution of industrial enzymes: an update.

              The use of enzymes in industrial processes can often eliminate the use of high temperatures, organic solvents and extremes of pH, while at the same time offering increased reaction specificity, product purity and reduced environmental impact. The growing use of industrial enzymes is dependent on constant innovation to improve performance and reduce cost. This innovation is driven by a rapidly increasing database of natural enzyme diversity, recombinant DNA and fermentation technologies that allow this diversity to be produced at low cost, and protein modification tools that enable enzymes to be tuned to fit into the industrial marketplace.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ACSFCL
                Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications
                Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Cryst Commun
                Acta Cryst F
                Acta Cryst Sect F
                Acta Crystallogr F
                Acta Crystallogr Sect F
                Acta Cryst F Struct Biol Cryst Commun
                Acta Cryst Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun
                International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
                1744-3091
                March 2013
                February 27 2013
                March 01 2013
                : 69
                : 3
                : 320-323
                Article
                10.1107/S1744309113001164
                a24239c3-6ece-40e6-80a4-5c21e7e77504
                © 2013

                http://journals.iucr.org/services/copyrightpolicy.html

                http://journals.iucr.org/services/copyrightpolicy.html#TDM

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