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      Diagnose und Entwicklung motorischer Basiskompetenzen

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Motorische Basiskompetenzen gewährleisten als erlernbare und funktionale Leistungsdispositionen, dass Kinder qualifiziert an der Sport- und Bewegungskultur teilnehmen können. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die Entwicklung motorischer Basiskompetenzen über ein Schuljahr abzubilden und potentielle Einflussfaktoren zu untersuchen. Im Rahmen des Projekts „Schulkids in Bewegung“ wurden N = 1031 Kinder der ersten und zweiten Jahrgangsstufe (54 % Jungen, M = 6.83 Jahre, SD = 0.44) in den Kompetenzbereichen Sich-Bewegen und Etwas-Bewegen untersucht. Weiterhin wurde die sportliche Aktivität der Kinder mittels Elternfragebogen erfasst. Die Resultate lassen eine Verbesserung der motorischen Basiskompetenzen im Verlauf eines Schuljahres deutlich erkennen. Die Kompetenzveränderungen fielen für Jungen und Mädchen unterschiedlich aus. Kinder mit hohem BMI zeigten im Vergleich zu Kindern mit geringerem BMI weniger Kompetenzzuwächse. Kinder, welche außerhalb der Schule sportlich aktiv waren, verbesserten ihre motorischen Basiskompetenzen deutlicher, wobei die Art der sportlichen Betätigung bedeutsam war. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass endogene und exogene Faktoren in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der motorischen Kompetenzentwicklung zu Beginn der Grundschulzeit stehen.

          Diagnosis and Development of Basic Motor Competencies

          Abstract. Basic motor competencies, understood as learnable and functional levels of physical capability, ensure that children can actively participate in sports and exercise. The aim of this article is to show the development of basic motor competencies over one school year and to examine potential influencing factors. Within the project „Schulkids in Bewegung,“ N = 1,031 first- and second-graders (54 % boys, M = 6.83 years, SD = 0.44) were tested in the competence areas of self-movement and object movement. The children’s physical activity was measured using a parent questionnaire. The results show a clear improvement of basic motor competencies over one school year. The changes in competencies were different for boys and girls. Children with a high body mass index (BMI) showed less increase in competencies compared with children with a low BMI. Children who were physically active outside of physical education classes improved more in basic motor competencies, although the different types of physical activity were significant. Overall, endogenous and exogenous factors are closely related to the development of motor competencies at the beginning of primary school.

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          Most cited references30

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          A Developmental Perspective on the Role of Motor Skill Competence in Physical Activity: An Emergent Relationship

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            Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: review of associated health benefits.

            The mastery of fundamental movement skills (FMS) has been purported as contributing to children's physical, cognitive and social development and is thought to provide the foundation for an active lifestyle. Commonly developed in childhood and subsequently refined into context- and sport-specific skills, they include locomotor (e.g. running and hopping), manipulative or object control (e.g. catching and throwing) and stability (e.g. balancing and twisting) skills. The rationale for promoting the development of FMS in childhood relies on the existence of evidence on the current or future benefits associated with the acquisition of FMS proficiency. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between FMS competency and potential health benefits in children and adolescents. Benefits were defined in terms of psychological, physiological and behavioural outcomes that can impact public health. A systematic search of six electronic databases (EMBASE, OVID MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and SportDiscus®) was conducted on 22 June 2009. Included studies were cross-sectional, longitudinal or experimental studies involving healthy children or adolescents (aged 3-18 years) that quantitatively analysed the relationship between FMS competency and potential benefits. The search identified 21 articles examining the relationship between FMS competency and eight potential benefits (i.e. global self-concept, perceived physical competence, cardio-respiratory fitness [CRF], muscular fitness, weight status, flexibility, physical activity and reduced sedentary behaviour). We found strong evidence for a positive association between FMS competency and physical activity in children and adolescents. There was also a positive relationship between FMS competency and CRF and an inverse association between FMS competency and weight status. Due to an inadequate number of studies, the relationship between FMS competency and the remaining benefits was classified as uncertain. More longitudinal and intervention research examining the relationship between FMS competency and potential psychological, physiological and behavioural outcomes in children and adolescents is recommended.
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              Motor Competence and its Effect on Positive Developmental Trajectories of Health.

              In 2008, Stodden and colleagues took a unique developmental approach toward addressing the potential role of motor competence in promoting positive or negative trajectories of physical activity, health-related fitness, and weight status. The conceptual model proposed synergistic relationships among physical activity, motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related physical fitness, and obesity with associations hypothesized to strengthen over time. At the time the model was proposed, limited evidence was available to support or refute the model hypotheses. Over the past 6 years, the number of investigations exploring these relationships has increased significantly. Thus, it is an appropriate time to examine published data that directly or indirectly relate to specific pathways noted in the conceptual model. Evidence indicates that motor competence is positively associated with perceived competence and multiple aspects of health (i.e., physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and a healthy weight status). However, questions related to the increased strength of associations across time and antecedent/consequent mechanisms remain. An individual's physical and psychological development is a complex and multifaceted process that synergistically evolves across time. Understanding the most salient factors that influence health and well-being and how relationships among these factors change across time is a critical need for future research in this area. This knowledge could aid in addressing the declining levels of physical activity and fitness along with the increasing rates of obesity across childhood and adolescence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                zep
                Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                0049-8637
                2190-6262
                2017
                : 49
                : 4
                : 173-185
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Universität Basel, Department für Sport, Bewegung und Gesundheit
                [ 2 ]Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Sportwissenschaften
                Author notes
                Dr. Christian Herrmann, Dr. Harald Seelig, Universität Basel, Departement für Sport, Bewegung und Gesundheit, Bereich Sportwissenschaft, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Schweiz, E-Mail christian.herrmann@ 123456unibas.ch , E-Mail harald.seelig@ 123456unibas.ch
                Prof. Dr. Christopher Heim, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Sportwissenschaften, Abteilung Sportpädagogik, Ginnheimer Landstr. 39, 60487 Frankfurt am Main, E-Mail cheim@ 123456sport.uni-frankfurt.de
                Article
                zep_49_4_173
                10.1026/0049-8637/a000180
                a245a07d-960a-4d55-9ece-d5b4ea70be73
                Copyright @ 2017
                History
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                motor behavior,competence development,Motorik,Grundschule,Kompetenzentwicklung,primary school

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