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      Gastric cáncer: Overview Translated title: El Cáncer gástrico

      review-article
      1 , , 1
      Colombia Médica : CM
      Universidad del Valle
      Gastric cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, Helicobacter pylori, epidemiology, multifocal atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia

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          Abstract

          Gastric cancer ranks fourth in incidence and second in mortality among all cancers worldwide. Despite the decrease in incidence in some regions of the world, gastric cancer continues to present a major clinical challenge due to most cases being diagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of gastric cancer is a complex and multifactorial process involving a number of etiological factors and multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Among the predisposing factors are: Helicobacter pylori infection, high salt intake, smoking, and in a small percentage of patients, a familial genetic component. More than 95% of stomach cancer cases are adenocarcinomas, which are classified into two major histologic types: intestinal and diffuse. Intestinal type adenocarcinoma is preceded by a sequence of gastric lesions known as Correa´s cascade and is the histologic type associated with the global decrease in gastric cancer rates. Diffuse type adenocarcinomas have a more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis than those of the intestinal type. According to the anatomical location, adenocarcinomas are classified as proximal (originating in the cardia) and distal (originating in the body and antrum). This classification seems to recognize two different clinical entities. Surgical resection of the tumor at an early stage is the only effective treatment method. Therefore, the identification and surveillance of patients at risk may play a significant role in survival rates. Anti- Helicobacter pylori therapy has been shown to be an effective measure in the prevention of gastric cancer.

          Translated abstract

          El cáncer gástrico ocupa el cuarto lugar en incidencia y el segundo en mortalidad entre todos los cánceres en todo el mundo. A pesar de la disminución de la incidencia en algunas regiones del mundo, el cáncer gástrico continúa siendo un reto clínico debido a que la mayoría de los casos se diagnostican en etapas avanzadas con mal pronóstico y opciones de tratamiento limitadas. El desarrollo de cáncer gástrico es un proceso complejo y multifactorial que implica un número de factores etiológicos y múltiples alteraciones. Entre genética y epigenética los factores predisponentes son: infección por Helicobacter pylori, alto consumo de sal, fumar, y en un pequeño porcentaje de los pacientes, un componente genético familiar. Más del 95% de los casos de cáncer de estómago son adenocarcinomas, que se clasifican en dos principales tipos histológicos: intestinal y difuso. Adenocarcinomas de tipo intestinal están precedidos por una secuencia de lesiones gástricas conocidas como cascada de Correa y es el tipo histológico asociado con la disminución global de las tasas de cáncer gástrico. Adenocarcinomas de tipo difuso tienen un comportamiento más agresivo y peor pronóstico que aquellos del tipo intestinal. De acuerdo con la localización anatómica, los adenocarcinomas se clasifican como proximal (originario en el cardias) y distal (que se origina en el cuerpo y antro). Este clasificación parece reconocer dos entidades clínicas diferentes. La resección quirúrgica del tumor en estadios tempranos es el único método de tratamiento efectivo. Por lo tanto, la identificación y vigilancia de los pacientes en situación de riesgo pueden desempeñar un papel importante en las tasas de supervivencia. El tratamiento Anti-Helicobacter pylori ha demostrado ser una medida eficaz en la prevención del cáncer gástrico.

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          Most cited references49

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          7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: stomach.

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            Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED).

            Atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and epithelial dysplasia of the stomach are common and are associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer. In the absence of guidelines, there is wide disparity in the management of patients with these premalignant conditions. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), the European Society of Pathology (ESP) and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) have therefore combined efforts to develop evidence-based guidelines on the management of patients with precancerous conditions and lesions of the stomach (termed MAPS). A multidisciplinary group of 63 experts from 24 countries developed these recommendations by means of repeat online voting and a meeting in June 2011 in Porto, Portugal. The recommendations emphasize the increased cancer risk in patients with gastric atrophy and metaplasia, and the need for adequate staging in the case of high grade dysplasia, and they focus on treatment and surveillance indications and methods. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
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              A model for gastric cancer epidemiology.

              It is postulated that one major subtype of gastric carcinoma ("intestinal type") is the end- result of a series of mutations and cell transformation begun in the first decade of life. The mutagen could be a nitroso compound synthesised in the upper gastrointestinal tract by the action of nitrite (i.e., from food or saliva) on naturally occurring nitrogen compounds. Under normal conditions these nitroso compounds do not reach the gastric epithelial cell, presumably because their synthesis is inhibited by antioxidants present in food or because of their inability to pass the mucous barrier. The barrier may be overcome by abrasives or irritants such as hard grains, food with high sodium-chloride concentration, or surfactants. Once the first mutation occurs, the glandular gastric epithelium is gradually changed to intestinal-type epithelium, the mucous barrier altered, and the pH elevated. Under these conditions, bacteria proliferate in the gastric cavity and facilitate the conversion of nitrates to nitrites, thereby increasing the nitrite pool and the probability of formation of mutagenic-carcinogenic nitroso compounds. This process of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia goes on for 30 to 50 years until some of the individuals affected have the final mutation or cell transformation which allows the cell to become autonomous and invade other tissues.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Colomb Med (Cali)
                Colomb. Med
                1657-9534
                Colombia Médica : CM
                Universidad del Valle
                0120-8322
                1657-9534
                30 September 2013
                Jul-Sep 2013
                : 44
                : 3
                : 192-201
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
                Author notes
                M. Blanca Piazuelo, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine 1030C MRB IV 2215 Garland Avenue Nashville, TN 37232 U.S.A. Phone: +1 (615) 343-8667 Fax: +1 (615)343-6229 Email: maria.b.piazuelo@ 123456vanderbilt.edu

                Conflicts of interest: : The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

                Article
                S1657-95342013000300011
                10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.002
                4002033
                24892619
                a25b4b32-d7b1-4fed-ba03-82f859991c17
                Copyright: © 2013 Universidad del Valle.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 December 2012
                : 02 February 2013
                : 02 July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 3, References: 60, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Review Article

                gastric cancer,gastric adenocarcinoma,helicobacter pylori,epidemiology,multifocal atrophic gastritis,intestinal metaplasia,dysplasia

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