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      Critical factors for levulinic acid production from starch-rich food waste: solvent effects, reaction pressure, and phase separation

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          Abstract

          This study provides new and critical insights into sustainable catalytic conversion of food (bread) waste to platform chemicals for achieving sustainable development goals and fostering a circular economy.

          Abstract

          A considerable amount of food waste generated globally could be upcycled to synthesise platform chemicals to enhance environmental sustainability and realise a circular economy. This study investigates the catalytic production of the vital platform molecule levulinic acid (LA) from bread waste, a typical stream of starch-rich food waste generated worldwide. Gamma-valerolactone (GVL), isopropanol (IPA), and propylene carbonate (PC) were evaluated as bio-derived and CO 2-derived green co-solvents for LA synthesis. In-vessel pressure generated in PC/H 2O (1 : 1) solvent was conducive to rapid LA production from bread waste compared to GVL/H 2O and IPA/H 2O. In PC/H 2O, 72 mol% total soluble product yield was observed quickly within 1 min in moderate reaction conditions (130 °C, 0.5 M H 2SO 4), whereas ∼15–20 mol% of LA could be obtained when the reaction was prolonged for 10–20 min at 130 °C. The yield of LA could be significantly enhanced in GVL/H 2O through phase separation using NaCl (30 wt% (aq)). LA yield increased up to a maximum of ∼2.5 times in the biphasic system (28 mol%, 150 °C, 15 min) (representing a theoretical yield of 66%) in GVL/H 2O (1 : 1) compared to the monophasic system (∼11 mol%) under the same reaction conditions. The partition coefficient for LA achieved was 4.2 in the GVL/H 2O (1 : 1) biphasic medium, indicating that the system was efficient for simultaneous production and extraction of LA. Biphasic GVL/H 2O facilitated selective LA production, which could be optimised by tuning the reaction conditions. These new insights can foster the development of high-performance LA production and sustainable biorefinery.

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          Most cited references51

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          CHEM21 selection guide of classical- and less classical-solvents

          A methodology, based on a combination of SH&E criteria, enables a simplified greenness evaluation of any solvent, in the context of fine or pharmaceutical chemistry.
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            Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass.

            Levulinic acid is a sustainable platform molecule that can be upgraded to valuable chemicals and fuel additives. This article focuses on the catalytic upgrading of levulinic acid into various chemicals such as levulinate esters, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, and γ-valerolactone derivatives such valeric esters, 5-nonanone, α-methylene-γ valerolactone, and other various molecular-weight alkanes (C9 and C18-C27 olefins).
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              Solvent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed Biomass Conversion Reactions

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                GRCHFJ
                Green Chemistry
                Green Chem.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                1463-9262
                1463-9270
                January 04 2022
                2022
                : 24
                : 1
                : 163-175
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 181 Chatham Road South, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Institute, TU München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
                [3 ]Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
                Article
                10.1039/D1GC01948A
                a2746c5d-14c6-47d3-ae5b-65b36d803916
                © 2022

                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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