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      Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

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          Abstract

          Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a common and widely used spice. It is rich in various chemical constituents, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibers. The health benefits of ginger are mainly attributed to its phenolic compounds, such as gingerols and shogaols. Accumulated investigations have demonstrated that ginger possesses multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, respiratory protective, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger, and the mechanisms of action are also discussed. We hope that this updated review paper will attract more attention to ginger and its further applications, including its potential to be developed into functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of chronic diseases.

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          Plant-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Shape the Gut Microbiota

          Yun L Teng, Yi Ren, Mohammed S. Sayed … (2018)
          The gut microbiota can be altered by dietary interventions to prevent and treat various diseases. However, the mechanisms by which food products modulate commensals remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that plant-derived e xosomes- l ike n anoparticles (ELNs) are taken up by the gut microbiota and contain RNAs that alter microbiome composition and host physiology. Ginger ELNs (GELNs) are preferentially taken up by Lactobacillaceae in a GELN lipid-dependent manner and contain microRNAs that target various genes in Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG). Among these, GELN mdo-miR7267-3p-mediated targeting of the LGG monooxygenase ycnE yields increased indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3A). GELN RNAs or I3A, a ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), are sufficient to induce production of IL-22, which is linked to barrier function improvement. These functions of GELN RNAs can ameliorate mouse colitis via IL-22-dependent mechanisms. These findings reveal how plant products and their effects on the microbiome may be used to target specific host processes to alleviate disease. Teng et al. show that exosomes-like nanoparticles (ELNs) from edible plants such as ginger are preferentially taken up by gut bacteria in an ELN lipid dependent manner. ELN RNAs regulate gut microbiota composition and localization as well as host physiology, notably enhancing gut barrier function to alleviate colitis.
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            Edible ginger-derived nanoparticles: A novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer.

            Mingzhen Zhang, Emilie Viennois, Meena Prasad … (2016)
            There is a clinical need for new, more effective treatments for chronic and debilitating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In this study, we characterized a specific population of nanoparticles derived from edible ginger (GDNPs 2) and demonstrated their efficient colon targeting following oral administration. GDNPs 2 had an average size of ∼230 nm and exhibited a negative zeta potential. These nanoparticles contained high levels of lipids, a few proteins, ∼125 microRNAs (miRNAs), and large amounts of ginger bioactive constituents (6-gingerol and 6-shogaol). We also demonstrated that GDNPs 2 were mainly taken up by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and macrophages, and were nontoxic. Using different mouse colitis models, we showed that GDNPs 2 reduced acute colitis, enhanced intestinal repair, and prevented chronic colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). 2D-DIGE/MS analyses further identified molecular target candidates of GDNPs 2 involved in these mouse models. Oral administration of GDNPs 2 increased the survival and proliferation of IECs and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-22) in colitis models, suggesting that GDNPs 2 has the potential to attenuate damaging factors while promoting the healing effect. In conclusion, GDNPs 2, nanoparticles derived from edible ginger, represent a novel, natural delivery mechanism for improving IBD prevention and treatment with an added benefit of overcoming limitations such as potential toxicity and limited production scale that are common with synthetic nanoparticles.
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              Inhibitory effect of zingiber officinale towards Streptococcus mutans virulence and caries development: in vitro and in vivo studies

              Sadaf Hasan, Mohd Danishuddin, Asad U Khan (2015)
              Background Streptococcus mutans is known as a key causative agent of dental caries. It metabolizes dietary carbohydrate to produce acids which reduce the environmental pH leading to tooth demineralization. The ability of this bacterium to tolerate acids coupled with acid production, allows its effective colonization in the oral cavity leading to the establishment of highly cariogenic plaque. For this reason, S. mutans is the only bacterium found in significantly higher numbers than other bacteria in the dental plaque. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude extract and methanolic fraction of Z. officinale against S. mutans virulence properties. Results We investigated in vitro and in vivo activity of crude extract and methanolic fraction at sub- MIC levels against cariogenic properties of S. mutans. We found that these extracts strongly inhibited a variety of virulence properties which are critical for its pathogenesis. The biofilm formation in S. mutans was found to be reduced during critical growth phases. Furthermore, the glucan synthesis and adherence was also found to be inhibited. Nevertheless, the insoluble glucan synthesis and sucrose dependent adherence were apparently more reduced as compared to soluble glucan synthesis and sucrose- independent adherence. Biofilm architecture inspected with the help of confocal and scanning electron microscopy, showed dispersion of cells in the treated group as compared to the control. The Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) data had shown the down regulation of the virulence genes, which is believed to be one of the major reasons responsible for the observed reduction in the virulence properties. The incredible reduction of caries development was found in treated group of rats as compared to the untreated group which further validate our in vitro data. Conclusion The whole study concludes a prospective role of crude extract and methanolic fraction of Z. officinale in targeting complete array of cariogenic properties of S. mutans, thus reducing its pathogenesis. Hence, it may be strongly proposed as a putative anti- cariogenic agent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0320-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Foods
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Foods
                Journal ID (publisher-id): foods
                Title: Foods
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2304-8158
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2019
                Publication date Collection: June 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 185
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; maoqq@ 123456mail2.sysu.edu.cn (Q.-Q.M.); xuxy53@ 123456mail2.sysu.edu.cn (X.-Y.X.); caoshy3@ 123456mail2.sysu.edu.cn (S.-Y.C.)
                [2 ]Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; hcorke@ 123456sjtu.edu.cn
                [3 ]Department of Food & Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Trust.Beta@ 123456umanitoba.ca
                [4 ]Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: renyougan@ 123456sjtu.edu.cn (R.-Y.G.); lihuabin@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn (H.-B.L.); Tel.: +86-21-3420-8517 (R.-Y.G.); +86-20-873-323-91 (H.-B.L.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4162-1511
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2332-8554
                Article
                Publisher ID: foods-08-00185
                DOI: 10.3390/foods8060185
                PMC ID: 6616534
                PubMed ID: 31151279
                SO-VID: a2759a2d-3bae-4505-9b77-02360fd7daef
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 May 2019
                Date accepted : 28 May 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: phytochemicals,antioxidant,antinausea,antiobesity,anticancer,anti-inflammatory
                Data availability:
                Keywords: phytochemicals, antioxidant, antinausea, antiobesity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory

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