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      Salmon lice – impact on wild salmonids and salmon aquaculture

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          Abstract

          Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, are naturally occurring parasites of salmon in sea water. Intensive salmon farming provides better conditions for parasite growth and transmission compared with natural conditions, creating problems for both the salmon farming industry and, under certain conditions, wild salmonids. Salmon lice originating from farms negatively impact wild stocks of salmonids, although the extent of the impact is a matter of debate. Estimates from Ireland and Norway indicate an odds ratio of 1.1:1-1.2:1 for sea lice treated Atlantic salmon smolt to survive sea migration compared to untreated smolts. This is considered to have a moderate population regulatory effect. The development of resistance against drugs most commonly used to treat salmon lice is a serious concern for both wild and farmed fish. Several large initiatives have been taken to encourage the development of new strategies, such as vaccines and novel drugs, for the treatment or removal of salmon lice from farmed fish. The newly sequenced salmon louse genome will be an important tool in this work. The use of cleaner fish has emerged as a robust method for controlling salmon lice, and aquaculture production of wrasse is important towards this aim. Salmon lice have large economic consequences for the salmon industry, both as direct costs for the prevention and treatment, but also indirectly through negative public opinion.

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          Most cited references187

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          The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry.

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            Economics. Sustainability and global seafood.

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              Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon.

              Rather than benefiting wild fish, industrial aquaculture may contribute to declines in ocean fisheries and ecosystems. Farm salmon are commonly infected with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), which are native ectoparasitic copepods. We show that recurrent louse infestations of wild juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), all associated with salmon farms, have depressed wild pink salmon populations and placed them on a trajectory toward rapid local extinction. The louse-induced mortality of pink salmon is commonly over 80% and exceeds previous fishing mortality. If outbreaks continue, then local extinction is certain, and a 99% collapse in pink salmon population abundance is expected in four salmon generations. These results suggest that salmon farms can cause parasite outbreaks that erode the capacity of a coastal ecosystem to support wild salmon populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Fish Dis
                J. Fish Dis
                jfd
                Journal of Fish Diseases
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd
                0140-7775
                1365-2761
                March 2013
                13 January 2013
                : 36
                : 3
                : 171-194
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway
                [2 ]Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland Bodø, Norway
                [3 ]Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
                [4 ]Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavanger Stavanger, Norway
                [5 ]UMB School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway
                [6 ]Department of Population Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway
                [7 ]Department of Biology, Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
                [8 ]Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
                [9 ]Marine Institute Galway, Ireland
                Author notes
                O Torrissen, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway (e-mail: olet@ 123456imr.no )
                Article
                10.1111/jfd.12061
                3675643
                23311858
                a290a275-31d9-4c5e-9c33-a0a24028797b
                Copyright © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                History
                : 05 July 2012
                : 15 October 2012
                : 17 October 2012
                Categories
                Review

                aquaculture,atlantic salmon,lepeophtheirus salmonis,management,pacific salmon,socio-economic impact

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