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      Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection

      research-article
      1 ,
      Retrovirology
      BioMed Central
      2006 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology
      17–21 November 2006

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          Abstract

          Chronic activation of the immune system is a hallmark of progressive HIV infection and better predicts disease outcome than plasma viral load, yet its etiology remains obscure. Here, we show that circulating microbial products, likely derived from the gastrointestinal tract, are a primary cause of HIV-related systemic immune activation. Circulating lipopolysaccharide, an indicator of microbial translocation, is significantly increased in chronically HIV-infected individuals and SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We show that monocytes are chronically stimulated in vivo by increased lipopolysaccharide, which also correlates with measures of innate and adaptive immune activation. Effective antiretroviral therapy appears to reduce microbial translocation. Furthermore, in non-pathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys, microbial translocation does not seem to occur. These data establish a mechanism for chronic immune activation in the context of a compromised gastrointestinal mucosal surface and provide novel directions for therapeutic interventions that modify the consequences of acute HIV infection.

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          Author and article information

          Conference
          Retrovirology
          Retrovirology
          BioMed Central (London )
          1742-4690
          2006
          21 December 2006
          : 3
          : Suppl 1
          : S98
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Research Fellow, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
          Article
          1742-4690-3-S1-S98
          10.1186/1742-4690-3-S1-S98
          1717013
          17115046
          a2ea501e-e263-456d-8fb3-ae0be727f494
          Copyright © 2006 Brenchley; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
          2006 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology
          Baltimore, USA
          17–21 November 2006
          History
          Categories
          Oral Presentation

          Microbiology & Virology
          Microbiology & Virology

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