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      Comparison of Six Different Silicones In Vitro for Application as Glaucoma Drainage Device

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          Abstract

          Silicones are widely used in medical applications. In ophthalmology, glaucoma drainage devices are utilized if conservative therapies are not applicable or have failed. Long-term success of these devices is limited by failure to control intraocular pressure due to fibrous encapsulation. Therefore, different medical approved silicones were tested in vitro for cell adhesion, cell proliferation and viability of human Sclera (hSF) and human Tenon fibroblasts (hTF). The silicones were analysed also depending on the sample preparation according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The surface quality was characterized with environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and water contact angle measurements. All silicones showed homogeneous smooth and hydrophobic surfaces. Cell adhesion was significantly reduced on all silicones compared to the negative control. Proliferation index and cell viability were not influenced much. For development of a new glaucoma drainage device, the silicones Silbione LSR 4330 and Silbione LSR 4350, in this study, with low cell counts for hTF and low proliferation indices for hSF, and silicone Silastic MDX4-4210, with low cell counts for hSF and low proliferation indices for hTF, have shown the best results in vitro. Due to the high cell adhesion shown on Silicone LSR 40, 40,026, this material is unsuitable.

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          On the mechanisms of biocompatibility.

          The manner in which a mutually acceptable co-existence of biomaterials and tissues is developed and sustained has been the focus of attention in biomaterials science for many years, and forms the foundation of the subject of biocompatibility. There are many ways in which materials and tissues can be brought into contact such that this co-existence may be compromised, and the search for biomaterials that are able to provide for the best performance in devices has been based upon the understanding of all the interactions within biocompatibility phenomena. Our understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility has been restricted whilst the focus of attention has been long-term implantable devices. In this paper, over 50 years of experience with such devices is analysed and it is shown that, in the vast majority of circumstances, the sole requirement for biocompatibility in a medical device intended for long-term contact with the tissues of the human body is that the material shall do no harm to those tissues, achieved through chemical and biological inertness. Rarely has an attempt to introduce biological activity into a biomaterial been clinically successful in these applications. This essay then turns its attention to the use of biomaterials in tissue engineering, sophisticated cell, drug and gene delivery systems and applications in biotechnology, and shows that here the need for specific and direct interactions between biomaterials and tissue components has become necessary, and with this a new paradigm for biocompatibility has emerged. It is believed that once the need for this change is recognised, so our understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility will markedly improve.
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            Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy.

            Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is expected to affect 80 million people by the end of this decade. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the most affected cell type and progressively degenerate over the course of the disease. RGC axons exit the eye and enter the optic nerve by passing through the optic nerve head (ONH). The ONH is an important site of initial damage in glaucoma. Higher intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for glaucoma, but the molecular links between elevated IOP and axon damage in the ONH are poorly defined. In this review and focusing primarily on the ONH, we discuss recent studies that have contributed to understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of glaucoma. We also identify areas that require further investigation and focus on mechanisms identified in other neurodegenerations that may contribute to RGC dysfunction and demise in glaucoma.
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              Contact angle, wetting, and adhesion: a critical review

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                27 February 2018
                March 2018
                : 11
                : 3
                : 341
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; claudia.windhoevel@ 123456tiho-hannover.de (C.W.); lisa.harder@ 123456tiho-hannover.de (L.H.); jan-peter.bach@ 123456tiho-hannover.de (J.-P.B.)
                [2 ]Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18119 Rostock, Germany; michael.teske@ 123456uni-rostock.de (M.T.); niels.grabow@ 123456uni-rostock.de (N.G.); thomas.eickner@ 123456uni-rostock.de (T.E.)
                [3 ]Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., D-30419 Hannover, Germany; u.hinze@ 123456lzh.de (U.H.); chichkov@ 123456iqo.uni-hannover.de (B.C.)
                [4 ]Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ingo.nolte@ 123456tiho-hannover.de ; Tel.: +49-51-1953-6202
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0944-1561
                Article
                materials-11-00341
                10.3390/ma11030341
                5872920
                29495462
                a35c6f08-730b-4e53-90fd-56d2af51c8ed
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 December 2017
                : 24 February 2018
                Categories
                Article

                silicone,glaucoma,fibrosis,med-4234,silupran 2445a/b,silastic mdx4-4210,lsr 40,40,026,silbione lsr 4330,silbione lsr 4350

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