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      Second-generation HIV surveillance: better data for decision-making Translated title: Systèmes de surveillance du VIH de deuxième génération: de meilleures données pour décider Translated title: Vigilancia del VIH de segunda generación: mejores datos para la adopción de decisiones

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          Abstract

          This paper seeks to outline the key elements of the expanded surveillance efforts recommended by the second-generation HIV surveillance approach. Second-generation systems focus on improving and expanding existing surveillance methods and combine them in ways that have the greatest explanatory power. The main elements of this approach include: considering biological surveillance - HIV, AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - and behavioural surveillance as integral components, targeting surveillance efforts at segments of the population where most new infections are concentrated - which might differ depending on the stage and type of the epidemic - and providing the rationale for the optimal use of data generated for monitoring the HIV epidemic and evaluating national AIDS control programmes. The paper emphasizes improvements in existing surveillance methodologies and discusses in detail crucial issues such as the validity of HIV prevalence data measured in pregnant women and linking HIV surveillance and behavioural data collection. In addition, a strategic partnership between second-generation surveillance and AIDS programme evaluation is proposed that stresses the complementary roles of these data collection activities in determining the effectiveness of prevention and care programmes and explaining the epidemiological trend data collected by sentinel serosurveillance systems. In conclusion, second-generation HIV surveillance systems provide a comprehensive, cost-effective and appropriate response to the information needs of AIDS control programmes. The implementation of such systems, including a better use of the data generated by the system, will ensure that national programmes are in the best possible position to respond to the challenges of the epidemic.

          Translated abstract

          Le présent article vise à présenter une vue d'ensemble des principaux éléments des opérations de surveillance élargie recommandées par les systèmes de surveillance du VIH de deuxième génération. Ces systèmes s'attachent à améliorer et à élargir les méthodes de surveillance actuelles et à les associer de manière à en maximiser le pouvoir explicatif. Ce système s'articule autour de trois axes : considérer la surveillance biologique - VIH, SIDA, infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST) - et la surveillance comportementale comme des parties intégrantes, cibler l'action de surveillance sur les segments de la population où se concentrent la plupart des nouvelles infections - qui pourraient être différents selon le stade et la nature de l'épidémie - et expliquer le bien-fondé de l'utilisation optimale des données recueillies pour suivre l'épidémie de VIH et évaluer les programmes nationaux de lutte contre le SIDA. Le présent article souligne les améliorations apportées aux méthodes de surveillance actuelles et examine en détail les questions cruciales telles que la validité des données de prévalence du VIH mesurées chez les femmes enceintes et le lien entre la surveillance du VIH et la collecte des données sur le comportement. Il est en outre proposé d'instaurer une alliance stratégique entre la surveillance de deuxième génération et l'évaluation des programmes de lutte anti-SIDA pour souligner les rôles complémentaires de ces activités de collecte de données au moment de déterminer l'efficacité des programmes de prévention et de soins et d'expliquer les tendances épidémiologiques que font ressortir les données rassemblées par les systèmes sentinelles de sérosurveillance. En conclusion, les systèmes de surveillance de deuxième génération du VIH permettent de répondre de manière globale, économique et adaptée aux besoins d'information des programmes de lutte contre le SIDA. L'application de tels systèmes, y compris une meilleure utilisation des données générées par le système, garantira que les programmes nationaux sont le mieux à même de répondre aux défis posés par l'épidémie.

          Translated abstract

          Se esbozan en este artículo los elementos clave de la vigilancia ampliada recomendada en la estrategia de vigilancia del VIH de segunda generación. Los sistemas de segunda generación se centran en la mejora y ampliación de los métodos de vigilancia existentes y los combinan mediante fórmulas que les confieren la máxima potencia explicativa. Los principales elementos de este enfoque incluyen la consideración de la vigilancia biológica -VIH, SIDA, infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS)- y la vigilancia del comportamiento como componentes integrados, la focalización de las actividades de vigilancia en los sectores de la población donde se concentran la mayoría de las nuevas infecciones -lo que depende del tipo y fase de la epidemia- y la aportación de los criterios necesarios para hacer un uso óptimo de los datos generados por las actividades de vigilancia de la epidemia de VIH y de evaluación de los programas nacionales de control del SIDA. En el artículo se hace hincapié en las mejoras de las actuales metodologías de vigilancia y se analizan detenidamente aspectos cruciales tales como la validez de los datos de prevalencia del VIH medidos en las mujeres embarazadas y la vinculación de la vigilancia del VIH al acopio de datos sobre el comportamiento. Además, se propone una alianza estratégica entre la vigilancia de segunda generación y la evaluación de los programas contra el SIDA en la que se subraya el carácter complementario de esas actividades de reunión de datos a la hora de determinar la eficacia de los programas de prevención y atención y de explicar las tendencias epidemiológicas configuradas por los datos recopilados por los sistemas de serovigilancia centinela. En conclusión, los sistemas de vigilancia del VIH de segunda generación constituyen una respuesta idónea, integrada y costoeficaz, a las necesidades de información de los programas de control del SIDA. La implantación de tales sistemas, incluido un mejor uso de los datos generados, garantizará que los programas nacionales se hallen en una situación inmejorable para responder a los retos que plantea la epidemia.

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          Population-based study of fertility in women with HIV-1 infection in Uganda.

          To assess the effects of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections on pregnancy, we undertook cross-sectional and prospective studies of a rural population in Rakai district, Uganda. 4813 sexually active women aged 15-49 years were surveyed to find out the prevalence of pregnancy by interview and selective urinary human chorionic gonadotropin tests. The incidence of recognised conception and frequency of pregnancy loss were assessed by follow-up. Samples were taken to test for HIV-1 infection, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted diseases. At time of survey 757 (21.4%) of 3544 women without HIV-1 infection or syphilis were pregnant, compared with 46 (14.6%) of 316 HIV-1-negative women with active syphilis, 117 (14.2%) of 823 HIV-1-positive women with no concurrent syphilis, and 11 (8.5%) of 130 women with both syphilis and HIV-1 infection. The multivariate adjusted odds ratio of pregnancy in HIV-1-infected women was 0.45 (95% CI 0.35-0.57); the odds of pregnancy were low both in HIV-1-infected women without symptoms (0.49 [0.39-0.62]) and in women with symptoms of HIV-1-associated disease (0.23 [0.11-0.48]). In women with concurrent HIV-1 infection and syphilis the odds ratio was 0.28 (0.14-0.55). The incidence rate of recognised pregnancy during the prospective follow-up study was lower in HIV-1-positive than in HIV-1-negative women (23.5 vs 30.1 per 100 woman-years; adjusted risk ratio 0.73 [0.57-0.93]). Rates of pregnancy loss were higher among HIV-1-infected than uninfected women (18.5 vs 12.2%; odds ratio 1.50 [1.01-2.27]). The prevalence of HIV-1 infection was significantly lower in pregnant than in non-pregnant women (13.9 vs 21.3%). Pregnancy prevalence is greatly reduced in HIV-1-infected women, owing to lower rates of conception and increased rates of pregnancy loss. HIV-1 surveillance confined to pregnant women underestimates the magnitude of the HIV-1 epidemic in the general population.
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            Attitudes towards highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with sexual risk taking among HIV-infected and uninfected homosexual men.

            To determine whether attitudes towards highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are associated with unprotected anal sex among sexually active homosexual men. Cross-sectional study nested within an ongoing prospective cohort study. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, from April through September 1999. Five-hundred and forty-seven homosexual men reporting anal sex (218 HIV-negative and 329 HIV-positive) during study interviews in 1999, including a 20-item validated scale on attitudes toward HAART and HIV risk behaviors (e.g., 'Because of HAART, I am less concerned about becoming HIV-infected or infecting someone'), and safer sex fatigue (e.g., 'I am tired of always having safer sex'). Self-reported unprotected receptive anal sex (RAS) and insertive anal sex (IAS) in the prior 6 months. More than 50% of HIV-negative and HIV-positive men who reported having anal sex also reported recent unprotected RAS and/or IAS. HIV-negative men who most agreed that HAART reduced concern about becoming infected were more likely to report unprotected RAS compared to other HIV-negative men [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 3.31; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-8.62]. Moreover, HIV-positive men with greatest reduced concern due to HAART or safer sex fatigue were more likely to report unprotected IAS (AOR, 6.05; 95% CI, 2.24-16.63 and AOR, 4.57; 95% CI, 1.70-12.24, respectively) compared to other HIV-positive men. Among sexually active homosexual men, lessened concern about HIV transmission due to HAART was strongly associated with sexual risk taking, as was safer sex fatigue among HIV-positive men. Prevention programs should take into account underlying attitudes for unprotected sex in the era of HAART among both HIV-infected and uninfected men.
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              Declining HIV prevalence and risk behaviours in Zambia: evidence from surveillance and population-based surveys.

              To examine trends in HIV prevalence and behaviours in Zambia during the 1990s. The core Zambian system for epidemiological surveillance and research has two major components: (i) HIV sentinel surveillance at selected antenatal clinics (ANC) in all provinces; and (ii) population-based HIV surveys in selected sentinel populations (1996 and 1999). The former was refined in 1994 to improve the monitoring of prevalence trends, whereas the latter was designed to validate ANC-based data, to study change in prevalence and behaviour concomitantly and to assess demographic impacts. The ANC-based data showed a dominant trend of significant declines in HIV prevalence in the 15--19 years age-group, and for urban sites also in age-group 20--24 years and overall when rates were adjusted for over-representation of women with low education. In the general population prevalence declined significantly in urban women aged 15--29 years whereas it showed a tendency to decline among rural women aged 15-24 years. Prominent decline in prevalence was associated with higher education, stable or rising prevalence with low education. There was evidence in urban populations of increased condom use, decline in multiple sexual partners and, among younger women, delayed age at first birth. The results suggested a dominant declining trend in HIV prevalence that corresponds to declines in incidence since the early 1990s attributable to behavioural changes. Efforts to sustain the ongoing process of change in the well-educated segments of the population should not be undervalued, but the modest change in behaviour identified among the most deprived groups represents the major preventive challenge.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                February 2004
                : 82
                : 2
                : 121-127
                Affiliations
                [1 ] World Health Organization Switzerland
                [2 ] Family Health International Brazil
                [3 ] World Health Organization Switzerland
                Article
                S0042-96862004000200009
                a37aa980-5116-4948-9615-992b67ab168c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                HIV, Infection,Surveillance épidémiologique,Surveillance par système sentinelle,Marqueur biologique,Behavioral risk factor surveillance system (U.S.A),Collecte données,Grossesse,HIV infections,Epidemiologic surveillance,Sentinel surveillance,Biological markers,Behavioral risk factor surveillance system,Data collection,Infecciones por VIH,Vigilancia epidemiológica,Vigilancia de guardia,Marcadores biológicos,Sistema de vigilancia de factor de riesgo comportamental,Recolección de datos,Embarazo

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