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      Sample management for clinical biochemistry assays: Are serum and plasma interchangeable specimens?

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 2
      Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
      Informa UK Limited

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          Characterization of the proteins released from activated platelets leads to localization of novel platelet proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions.

          Proteins secreted by activated platelets can adhere to the vessel wall and promote the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Despite this biologic significance, however, the complement of proteins comprising the platelet releasate is largely unknown. Using a proteomics approach, we have identified more than 300 proteins released by human platelets following thrombin activation. Many of the proteins identified were not previously attributed to platelets, including secretogranin III, a potential monocyte chemoattractant precursor; cyclophilin A, a vascular smooth muscle cell growth factor; calumenin, an inhibitor of the vitamin K epoxide reductase-warfarin interaction, as well as proteins of unknown function that map to expressed sequence tags. Secretogranin III, cyclophilin A, and calumenin were confirmed to localize in platelets and to be released upon activation. Furthermore, while absent in normal vasculature, they were identified in human atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, these and other proteins released from platelets may contribute to atherosclerosis and to the thrombosis that complicates the disease. Moreover, as soluble extracellular proteins, they may prove suitable as novel therapeutic targets.
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            Differences between Human Plasma and Serum Metabolite Profiles

            Background Human plasma and serum are widely used matrices in clinical and biological studies. However, different collecting procedures and the coagulation cascade influence concentrations of both proteins and metabolites in these matrices. The effects on metabolite concentration profiles have not been fully characterized. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed the concentrations of 163 metabolites in plasma and serum samples collected simultaneously from 377 fasting individuals. To ensure data quality, 41 metabolites with low measurement stability were excluded from further analysis. In addition, plasma and corresponding serum samples from 83 individuals were re-measured in the same plates and mean correlation coefficients (r) of all metabolites between the duplicates were 0.83 and 0.80 in plasma and serum, respectively, indicating significantly better stability of plasma compared to serum (p = 0.01). Metabolite profiles from plasma and serum were clearly distinct with 104 metabolites showing significantly higher concentrations in serum. In particular, 9 metabolites showed relative concentration differences larger than 20%. Despite differences in absolute concentration between the two matrices, for most metabolites the overall correlation was high (mean r = 0.81±0.10), which reflects a proportional change in concentration. Furthermore, when two groups of individuals with different phenotypes were compared with each other using both matrices, more metabolites with significantly different concentrations could be identified in serum than in plasma. For example, when 51 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients were compared with 326 non-T2D individuals, 15 more significantly different metabolites were found in serum, in addition to the 25 common to both matrices. Conclusions/Significance Our study shows that reproducibility was good in both plasma and serum, and better in plasma. Furthermore, as long as the same blood preparation procedure is used, either matrix should generate similar results in clinical and biological studies. The higher metabolite concentrations in serum, however, make it possible to provide more sensitive results in biomarker detection.
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              MicroRNA history: discovery, recent applications, and next frontiers.

              Since 1993, when the first small non-coding RNA was identified, our knowledge about microRNAs has grown exponentially. In this review, we focus on the main progress in this field and discuss the most important findings under a historical perspective. In addition, we examine microRNAs as markers of disease diagnosis and prognosis, and as new therapeutic targets. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
                Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences
                Informa UK Limited
                1040-8363
                1549-781X
                October 02 2018
                October 03 2018
                October 12 2018
                October 03 2018
                : 55
                : 7
                : 480-500
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy;
                [2 ] Latin American Working Group for Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE-LATAM) of the Latin America Confederation of Clinical Biochemistry (COLABIOCLI), Montevideo, Uruguay;
                [3 ] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lyon Sud Hospital Group, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France;
                [4 ] dOriade-Noviale Laboratory, Vizille, France
                Article
                10.1080/10408363.2018.1499708
                30309270
                a3b7c504-43f7-4500-bd95-a6980bc6f02b
                © 2018
                History

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