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      Infecciones en el paciente inmunocomprometido (II). Paciente trasplantado Translated title: Infections in immunocompromised patients (II). The transplanted patient

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          Resumen

          Los receptores de los diferentes tipos de trasplante presentan un riesgo elevado de infección. En los trasplantados de precursores hematopoyéticos predominan las infecciones nosocomiales. Durante el periodo posprendimiento temprano (30-100 días tras la infusión del trasplante), la incidencia de infección es más elevada en pacientes con enfermedad de injerto contra huésped. En el pulmón pueden aparecer lesiones nodulares por infección fúngica invasora o bien un patón difuso habitualmente secundario a infección vírica o a neumonía por P. jirovecii. Después de los primeros 100 días persiste un moderado riesgo de infección por microorganismos convencionales y oportunistas, como la infección tardía por CMV. Los avances en las técnicas quirúrgicas y el empleo de calcineurínicos han reducido la mortalidad por infecciones en trasplantados de órgano sólido. Durante el primer mes, son frecuentes las infecciones nosocomiales; entre el primer y sexto mes son más frecuentes las infecciones oportunistas dependientes de la inmunidad celular y a partir de sexto mes el riesgo baja y predominan las infecciones comunitarias semejantes a las de los pacientes inmunocompetentes.

          Translated abstract

          Recipients of the different types of transplantation are at high risk of infection. Nosocomial infections predominate in patients who have undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplantation during the early post-engraftment period (30-100 days after the infusion); the incidence of infection is higher in graft-versus-host disease. Nodular lesions can appear in the lungs due to invasive fungal infection. A diffuse pattern is usually secondary to viral infection or P. jirovecii pneumonia. After the first 100 days a moderate risk of infection by conventional and opportunistic infections persists, such as late CMV infection. Advances in surgical techniques and the use of calcineurinics have reduced mortality from infections in recipients of solid organ transplantations. Nosocomial infections are common during the first month; opportunistic infections that are dependent on cellular immunity are more common between the first and the sixth month, from the sixth month the risk lowers and community-based infections similar to those of immunocompetent patients predominate.

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          Most cited references37

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          Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.

          Intravenous ganciclovir is the standard treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Oral valganciclovir is a more convenient alternative. In a randomized, international trial, recipients with cytomegalovirus disease were treated with either 900 mg oral valganciclovir or 5 mg/kg i.v. ganciclovir twice daily for 21 days, followed by 900 mg daily valganciclovir for 28 days. A total of 321 patients were evaluated (valganciclovir [n = 164]; i.v. ganciclovir [n = 157]). The success rate of viremia eradication at Day 21 was 45.1% for valganciclovir and 48.4% for ganciclovir (95% CI -14.0% to +8.0%), and at Day 49; 67.1% and 70.1%, respectively (p = NS). Treatment success, as assessed by investigators, was 77.4% versus 80.3% at Day 21 and 85.4% versus 84.1% at Day 49 (p = NS). Baseline viral loads were not different between groups and decreased exponentially with similar half-lives and median time to eradication (21 vs. 19 days, p = 0.076). Side-effects and discontinuations of assigned treatment (18 of 321 patients) were comparable. Oral valganciclovir shows comparable safety and is not inferior to i.v. ganciclovir for treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in organ transplant recipients and provides a simpler treatment strategy, but care should be taken in extrapolating to organ transplant recipients not properly represented in the present study.
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            Management of fever in patients with cancer and treatment-induced neutropenia.

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              Epidemiology and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

              Background. Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients and is a major concern for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Risk factors and the natural history of C. difficile infection (CDI) are poorly understood in this population. Methods. We performed a retrospective nested case-control study to describe the epidemiology, timing, and risk factors for CDI among adult patients who received HSCTs at our center from January 2003 through December 2008. Results. The overall 1-year incidence of CDI was 9.2% among HSCTs performed (n = 999). The median time to diagnosis of CDI was short among both autologous and allogeneic HSCT recipients (6.5 days and 33 days, respectively). Risk factors for CDI in allogeneic HSCT recipients included receipt of chemotherapy prior to conditioning for HSCT, broad-spectrum antimicrobial use, and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54-12.84; P = .006). There was a strong relationship between early CDI and subsequent development of gastrointestinal tract GVHD in the year following allogeneic HSCT (P < .001). Gastrointestinal GVHD was also strongly associated with an increased risk for recurrent CDI (AOR, 4.23 [95% CI, 1.20-14.86]; P = .02). Conclusions. These results highlight the high incidence and early timing of CDI after HSCT. Early timing, coupled with the noted risk of pretransplant chemotherapy, suggests that the natural history of disease in some patients may involve colonization prior to HSCT. A potentially important interplay between CDI and GVHD involving the gastrointestinal tract was observed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Medicine (Madr)
                Medicine (Madr)
                Medicine
                Elsevier Espana
                0304-5412
                1578-8822
                8 May 2018
                May 2018
                8 May 2018
                : 12
                : 55
                : 3245-3252
                Affiliations
                [a ]Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro. Madrid. España
                [b ]Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Madrid. España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia. aramos220@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0304-5412(18)30104-5
                10.1016/j.med.2018.04.011
                7143593
                32287906
                a3cc9bea-992b-482e-93b2-85a196de685b
                .

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                Article

                trasplante,trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos,citomegalovirus,pneumocystis jirovecii,transplantation,hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,cytomegalovirus

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