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      Stress and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models

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          Abstract

          Since the first description of multiple sclerosis (MS) by Charcot, stress has been hypothesized to be a potential trigger of relapses. In recent years, data from observational studies in MS patients have provided some support for an association between stress and MS relapses. Furthermore, studies employing the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis have shown that certain stressors can exacerbate the disease if administered prior to disease induction. Several lines of research have explored the 2 major stress response systems – the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system – and their relation to disease course in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These studies provide evidence that insensitivity of the immune system to signals from these systems may play a role in inflammatory events. These findings can be integrated into a biological model of stress response system alterations in MS.

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          Most cited references40

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          Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: implications for diagnosis and therapy.

          Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nervous system in which a T-cell-mediated inflammatory process is associated with destruction of myelin sheaths. Although demyelination is the primary event, axons are also destroyed in the lesions, and the loss of axons correlates with permanent functional deficit. Here, we discuss evidence that demyelination and axonal destruction follow different pathogenetic pathways in subgroups of patients. This might, at least in part, explain the heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility, clinical presentation and response to treatment observed between individuals.
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            New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

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              Axonal and neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and functional consequences.

              Renewed interest in axonal injury in multiple sclerosis has significantly shifted the focus of research into this disease toward neurodegeneration. During the past year magnetic resonance and morphologic studies have continued to confirm and extend the concept that axonal transection begins at disease onset, and that cumulative axonal loss provides the pathologic substrate for the progressive disability that most long-term MS patients experience. Although inflammation and chronic demyelination are probable causes of axonal transection, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that are involved. The view that MS can also be considered an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease has important clinical implications for therapeutic approaches, monitoring of patients, and future treatment strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NIM
                Neuroimmunomodulation
                10.1159/issn.1021-7401
                Neuroimmunomodulation
                S. Karger AG
                978-3-8055-8294-0
                978-3-318-01504-1
                1021-7401
                1423-0216
                2006
                August 2007
                22 August 2007
                : 13
                : 5-6
                : 318-326
                Affiliations
                aMultiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif., USA; bDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
                Article
                104860 Neuroimmunomodulation 2006;13:318–326
                10.1159/000104860
                17709954
                a3f471a2-c85c-4ff2-a005-8491e4925cd1
                © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 26 January 2007
                : 10 March 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, References: 56, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Paper

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Autonomic nervous system,Progression,Stress,Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,Relapse,Multiple sclerosis

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