Preparation of calcium aluminate cement for hard tissue repair: Effects of lithium fluoride and maleic acid on setting behavior, compressive strength, and biocompatibility

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Abstract

We investigated lithium fluoride (LiF) and maleic acid (MA) containing calcium aluminate cement (CAC) for hard tissue repair. The objective of this study is to estimate the addition effects of LiF and MA on setting behavior, compressive strength, and biocompatibility of CAC and to find the most compatible composition of LiF and MA for using CAC as a new bone cement. The CAC was composed mainly of CaO. Al(2)O(3). Samples of LiF and MA containing CAC were formed along with recording of setting time and peak temperature and then set cement was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Agar diffusion test, tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and hemolysis test were used to detect initial in vitro biocompatibility of LiF and MA containing CAC. It was revealed from the results that LiF shortened setting time and decreased compressive strength, whereas MA delayed setting time and increased compressive strength. However, LiF and MA showed no or little influence on maximum temperature of CAC. CAC containing 0.5 g of LiF and 8.75 g of MA showed the highest compressive strength (111.64 +/- 7.74 MPa) across all the experimental compositions. The CACs containing 0.5 g of LiF/8.75 g of MA and 1.01 g LiF/8.75 g of MA had no cytotoxicity and hemolysis. In this study, CAC with 0.5 g of LiF and 8.75g of MA showed the most compatible properties for using bone cement, and thus it was assessed a candidate for a new bone cement along with CAC.

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Ca,P-rich layer formed on high-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W.

T Yamamuro, S. Ito, T Kitsugi … (1990)

Glass-ceramic A-W, containing crystalline apatite and wollastonite in a MgO-CaO-SiO2 glassy matrix shows high bioactivity as well as high mechanical strength, but other ceramics containing the same kinds of crystalline phases in different glassy matrices do not show the same bioactivity. In order to investigate the bone-bonding mechanism of this type of glass-ceramic, surface structural changes of the glass-ceramics after exposure to simulated body fluid were analyzed with various techniques. A solution with ion concentrations which are almost equal to those of the human blood plasma was used as the simulated body fluid, instead of Tris-buffer solution hitherto used. For analyzing the surface structural changes, thin-film x-ray diffraction was used in addition to conventional techniques. It was found that a bioactive glass-ceramic forms a Ca, P-rich layer on its surface in the fluid but nonbioactive ones do not, and that the Ca, P-rich layer consists of carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite of small crystallites and/or defective structure. These findings were common to those of Bioglass-type glasses. So, we conclude that the essential condition for glass and glass-ceramic to bond to bone is the formation of the surface apatite layer in the body environment but it is not essential to contain apatite within the material. Bioactivity of glass and glass-ceramic can be evaluated in vitro by examining the formation of the surface apatite layer in the simulated body fluid described above.