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      pH controls spermatozoa motility in the Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas)

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          ABSTRACT

          Investigating the roles of chemical factors stimulating and inhibiting sperm motility is required to understand the mechanisms of spermatozoa movement. In this study, we described the composition of the seminal fluid (osmotic pressure, pH, and ions) and investigated the roles of these factors and salinity in initiating spermatozoa movement in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The acidic pH of the gonad (5.82±0.22) maintained sperm in the quiescent stage and initiation of flagellar movement was triggered by a sudden increase of spermatozoa external pH (pHe) when released in seawater (SW). At pH 6.4, percentage of motile spermatozoa was three times higher when they were activated in SW containing 30 mM NH 4Cl, which alkalinizes internal pH (pHi) of spermatozoa, compared to NH 4Cl-free SW, revealing the role of pHi in triggering sperm movement. Percentage of motile spermatozoa activated in Na +-free artificial seawater (ASW) was highly reduced compared to ASW, suggesting that change of pHi triggering sperm motility was mediated by a Na +/H + exchanger. Motility and swimming speed were highest in salinities between 33.8 and 42.7‰ (within a range of 0 to 50 ‰), and pH values above 7.5 (within a range of 4.5 to 9.5).

          Abstract

          Summary: Oyster sperm motility is not triggered in an acidic environment and motility is controlled by internal pH alkalinization, mediated by a Na+/H+ exchanger.

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          Most cited references41

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          Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean

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            Development of a novel CASA system based on open source software for characterization of zebrafish sperm motility parameters.

            Although computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) outperforms manual techniques, many investigators rely on non-automated analysis due to the high cost of commercial options. In this study, we have written and validated a free CASA software primarily for analysis of fish sperm. This software is a plugin for the free National Institutes of Health software ImageJ and is available with documentation at . That it is open source makes possible external validation, should improve quality control and enhance the comparative value of data obtained among laboratories. In addition, we have improved upon the traditional velocity straight line (VSL) algorithm, eliminating inaccurate characterization of highly curved fish sperm paths. Using this system, the motion of zebrafish (Danio rerio) sperm was characterized relative to time post-activation and the impact of acquisition conditions upon data analysis determined. There were decreases in velocity and path straightness (STR), but not linearity (LIN), relative to time. From 30 to 300 frames/s, frame rate significantly affected curvilinear velocity (VCL) and STR measurements. Sperm density in the field of view did not affect any measured parameter. There was significant inter-male variation for VCL, VSL, velocity average path (VAP), percent motility, path character (STR, LIN), and duration of motility. Furthermore, relative sperm output (a measure reflecting both semen volume and concentration) was positively correlated to percent motility. For all motion parameters measured (except duration), the average CV was < or =10%, comparable to values obtained using commercial systems.
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              The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Reproduction, Early Development and Settlement of Marine Organisms

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biol Open
                Biol Open
                BIO
                biolopen
                Biology Open
                The Company of Biologists Ltd
                2046-6390
                15 March 2018
                26 February 2018
                26 February 2018
                : 7
                : 3
                : bio031427
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CNRS, UMR 6539 Lemar (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), IUEM , Plouzané 29280, France
                [2 ]Ifremer, UMR 6539 Lemar (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Site expérimental d'Argenton , Landunvez 29840, France
                [3 ]Ifremer, LMEE, Centre de Bretagne , Plouzané 29280, France
                [4 ]University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses , Vodnany 38925, Czech Republic
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-9278
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2375-086X
                Article
                BIO031427
                10.1242/bio.031427
                5898264
                29483075
                a4150713-ef80-48d7-8251-c8c858d73362
                © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

                History
                : 22 November 2017
                : 20 February 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: CRB-anim;
                Award ID: ANR-11-INBS-003
                Funded by: Reproseed;
                Award ID: FP7-KBBE-2009-3
                Funded by: Jihočeská Univerzita v Českých Budějovicích;
                Funded by: South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses;
                Award ID: CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024
                Categories
                Research Article

                Life sciences
                seminal fluid,spermatozoa,motility,ph,salinity,ions
                Life sciences
                seminal fluid, spermatozoa, motility, ph, salinity, ions

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