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      Association of minimally processed and ultra-processed food daily consumption with obesity in overweight adults: a cross-sectional study Translated title: Asociación del consumo diario de alimentos mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados con la obesidad en adultos con sobrepeso: un estudio transversal

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: food type represents higher odds of having obesity (OB), especially in overweight (OW) subjects. Minimally and ultra-processed foods can be associated with the odds of having OB in OW subjects. Objective: to investigate the association of minimally and ultra-processed food consumption with OB in OW adults. Methods: we included 15,024 participants (9,618 OW [25.0-29.9 kg/m2], 5,406 OB [≥ 30 kg/m2]) with ages ranging from 18 to 59 years from the 2019 baseline survey of the Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL, Brazil). Minimally and ultra-processed food daily consumption scores and confounding variables (age, sex, scholarly, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes) were measured. Binary logistic regression analyzes the association of minimally and ultra-processed food consumption scores with OB (odds ratio [OR]). Results: minimally processed food consumption score quartiles (1st = 1[food-score/day]; 2nd = 6[food-score/day]; 3rd = 7[food-score/day]; 4th = 8[food-score/day]) presented higher values compared to ultra-processed food (1st = 1[food-score/day]; 2nd = 1[food-score/day]; 3rd = 2[food-score/day]; 4th = 4[food-score/day]). For each score of minimally processed food consumed, there was a -5.9 % odds of OB. Thus, the higher quartile (4th) of minimally processed food consumption score represents less odds of OB (OR: -47.2 %; p < 0.001). Each ultra-processed food score consumed presented odds of 3.7 % of OB. Therefore, higher consumption of ultra-processed food (4th quartile) shows higher odds of OB (OR: +14.8 %; p < 0.001). All associations remained significatively even after being adjusted by the confounders. Conclusion: the consumption scores of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods presented a magnitude capable of impacting OW adults' odds of OB, even when controlled by sociodemographic factors, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: el tipo de alimentación representa una mayor probabilidad de tener obesidad (OB), especialmente en sujetos con sobrepeso (SO). Los alimentos mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados se pueden asociar con las probabilidades de tener OB en sujetos con SO. Objetivo: investigar la asociación del consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados con la OB en adultos con SO. Métodos: se incluyeron 15.024 participantes (9.618 SO [25,0-29,9 kg/m2], 5.406 OB [≥ 30 kg/m2]) con edades entre 18 y 59 años de la encuesta basal 2019 de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas mediante una Encuesta Telefónica (VIGITEL, Brasil). Se midió el puntaje de consumo diario de alimentos mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados y variables de confusión (edad, sexo, escolaridad, actividad física, hipertensión y diabetes). Mediante una regresión logística binaria se analizó la asociación de las puntuaciones de consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados con la OB (odds ratio [OR]). Resultados: los cuartiles de puntuación de consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados (1.º = 1[alimento-puntuación/día]; 2.º = 6[alimento-puntuación/día]; 3.º = 7[alimento-puntuación/día]; 4.º = 8[alimento-puntuación/día]) presentaron valores superiores en comparación con los alimentos ultraprocesados (1.º = 1[alimento-puntuación/día]; 2.º = 1[alimento-puntuación/día]; 3.º = 2[alimento-puntuación/día]; 4.º = 4[alimento-puntuación/día]). Por cada punto de alimentos mínimamente procesados consumidos, hubo una probabilidad de OB del -5,9 %. Por lo tanto, el cuartil más alto (4.º) de puntuación de consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados representa menos probabilidades de OB (OR: -47,2 %; p < 0,001). Cada puntaje de alimentos ultraprocesados consumidos presentó probabilidades de 3.7 % de OB. Por lo tanto, un mayor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (cuartil 4.º) muestra mayores probabilidades de OB (OR: +14,8 %; p < 0,001). Todas las asociaciones se mantuvieron significativamente incluso después de ajustarlas por los factores de confusión. Conclusión: las puntuaciones de consumo de alimentos mínimamente procesados y ultraprocesados impactaron en la probabilidad de desarrollar OB en adultos con SB, incluso cuando se controló por factores sociodemográficos, actividad física, hipertensión y diabetes.

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          Most cited references37

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          Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis

          The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide in the past ~50 years, reaching pandemic levels. Obesity represents a major health challenge because it substantially increases the risk of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, dementia, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnoea and several cancers, thereby contributing to a decline in both quality of life and life expectancy. Obesity is also associated with unemployment, social disadvantages and reduced socio-economic productivity, thus increasingly creating an economic burden. Thus far, obesity prevention and treatment strategies - both at the individual and population level - have not been successful in the long term. Lifestyle and behavioural interventions aimed at reducing calorie intake and increasing energy expenditure have limited effectiveness because complex and persistent hormonal, metabolic and neurochemical adaptations defend against weight loss and promote weight regain. Reducing the obesity burden requires approaches that combine individual interventions with changes in the environment and society. Therefore, a better understanding of the remarkable regional differences in obesity prevalence and trends might help to identify societal causes of obesity and provide guidance on which are the most promising intervention strategies.
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            2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society.

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              Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them

              The present commentary contains a clear and simple guide designed to identify ultra-processed foods. It responds to the growing interest in ultra-processed foods among policy makers, academic researchers, health professionals, journalists and consumers concerned to devise policies, investigate dietary patterns, advise people, prepare media coverage, and when buying food and checking labels in shops or at home. Ultra-processed foods are defined within the NOVA classification system, which groups foods according to the extent and purpose of industrial processing. Processes enabling the manufacture of ultra-processed foods include the fractioning of whole foods into substances, chemical modifications of these substances, assembly of unmodified and modified food substances, frequent use of cosmetic additives and sophisticated packaging. Processes and ingredients used to manufacture ultra-processed foods are designed to create highly profitable (low-cost ingredients, long shelf-life, emphatic branding), convenient (ready-to-consume), hyper-palatable products liable to displace all other NOVA food groups, notably unprocessed or minimally processed foods. A practical way to identify an ultra-processed product is to check to see if its list of ingredients contains at least one item characteristic of the NOVA ultra-processed food group, which is to say, either food substances never or rarely used in kitchens (such as high-fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated or interesterified oils, and hydrolysed proteins), or classes of additives designed to make the final product palatable or more appealing (such as flavours, flavour enhancers, colours, emulsifiers, emulsifying salts, sweeteners, thickeners, and anti-foaming, bulking, carbonating, foaming, gelling and glazing agents).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                June 2023
                : 40
                : 3
                : 534-542
                Affiliations
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Anthropometry, Training and Sport Study and Research Group (GEPEATE) Brazil
                [4] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv2Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto Brazil
                [3] São Paulo orgnameSão José do Rio Preto orgdiv1Universidade Paulista orgdiv2Motor Development and Health Study and Research Group (GEPEDMS) Brazil
                [6] Porto orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Saúde e Lazer (CIAFEL) orgdiv2Centro de Investigação em Actividade Física Portugal
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Universidade de São Paulo orgdiv2Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto Brazil
                [10] Coventry orgnameCoventry University orgdiv1Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences United Kingdom
                [7] Porto orgnameLaboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR) orgdiv1Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR) Portugal
                [8] Porto orgnameUniversidade Lusófona do Porto orgdiv1Educação e Desporto orgdiv2Faculdade de Psicologia Portugal
                [5] Porto orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Faculdade de Desporto (FADEUP) Portugal
                [9] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Paulista. São José do Rio Preto orgdiv1Physical Education Department Brazil
                Article
                S0212-16112023000400011 S0212-1611(23)04000300011
                10.20960/nh.04270
                a43f396b-0778-42f6-b217-1723dd0f95dd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 June 2022
                : 27 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Nutrición,Non-communicable diseases,Nutrition,Nutritional status,Enfermedades no transmisibles,Estados nutricionales

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