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      Subterranean Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901, (Hexapoda, Collembola) of the Western Carpathians — Troglomorphy at the northern distributional limit in Europe

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          Abstract

          An integrative approach employing molecular, morphological and geographical data were applied to species delimitation among Deuteraphorura congeners occupying caves of the Western Carpathian Mts. A new species of Deuteraphorura from the Western Carpathians is described. D. muranensis sp. nov . belongs among species with 4 pso at the hind margin of the head and possesses highly troglomorphic features. It is conspicuous with its distinctly elongated claws and long, hair-like body chaetae. The status of the new species was confirmed by DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial COI marker. Populations of D. kratochvili (Nosek, 1963), the most widespread species, were studied in detail. Both ABGD and PTP analyses brought results congruent with geography, i.e. the molecular and geographic distance of the populations were positively correlated. However, some molecular separation based on pairwise distance and the number of substitutions was indicated within two of the studied populations. Despite the indistinct morphological differences, the tested populations were well isolated both geographically and genetically, which indicates that each studied population may represent a cryptic species. The troglomorphy of cave Collembola at the northernmost border of the distribution of cave-adapted species in the Europe is discussed. It is clear that the level of troglomorphy is closely associated with conditions of the microhabitat occupied by the individual subterranean species. The results of our study enhance the importance of the Western Carpathians regarding the diversity pattern of obligate cave species in Europe.

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          Integrative taxonomy: a multisource approach to exploring biodiversity.

          Good alpha taxonomy is central to biology. On the basis of a survey of arthropod studies that used multiple disciplines for species delimitation, we evaluated the performance of single disciplines. All included disciplines had a considerable failure rate. Rigor in species delimitation can thus be increased when several disciplines chosen for complementarity are used. We present a flexible procedure and stopping rule for integrative taxonomy that uses the information from different disciplines separately. Disagreement among disciplines over the number and demarcation of species is resolved by elucidating and invoking evolutionary explanations for disagreement. With the identification of further promising study organisms and of new questions for in-depth analysis, evolutionary biology should profit from integrative taxonomy. An important rationale is clarity in researcher bias in the decision-making process. The success of integrative taxonomy will further increase through methodological progress, taxonomic training of evolutionary biologists, and balanced resource allocation.
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            The mid-latitude biodiversity ridge in terrestrial cave fauna

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              Ecomorphological convergence of cave communities.

              Extreme selective environments are commonly believed to funnel evolution toward a few predictable outcomes. Caves are well-known extreme environments with characteristically adapted faunas that are similar in appearance, physiology, and behavior all over the world, even if not closely related. Morphological diversity between closely related cave species has been explained by difference in time since colonization and different ecological influence from the surface. Here, we tested a more classical hypothesis: morphological diversity is niche-based, and different morphologies reflect properties of microhabitats within caves. We analyzed seven communities with altogether 30 species of the subterranean amphipod (crustacean) genus Niphargus using multivariate morphometrics, multinomial logit models cross-validation, and phylogenetic reconstruction. Species clustered into four distinct ecomorph classes-small pore, cave stream, cave lake, and lake giants-associated with specific cave microhabitats and of multiple independent phylogenetic origins. Traits commonly regarded as adaptations to caves, such as antenna length, were shown to be related to microhabitat parameters, such as flow velocity. These results demonstrate that under the selection pressure of extreme environment, the ecomorphological structure of communities can converge. Thus, morphological diversity does not result from adaptive response to temporal and ecological gradients, but from fine-level niche partitioning. © 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                15 January 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 1
                : e0226966
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
                [2 ] Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR v.v.i., České Budějovice, Czech Republic
                [3 ] State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Slovak Caves Administration, Cave Care Department, Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia
                Nanjing Agricultural University, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-9991
                Article
                PONE-D-19-27568
                10.1371/journal.pone.0226966
                6961878
                31940408
                a44cf608-cc93-49e2-8526-f84a8d0b1787
                © 2020 Parimuchová et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 October 2019
                : 8 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003194, Agentúra Ministerstva Školstva, Vedy, Výskumu a Športu SR;
                Award ID: VEGA1/0346/18
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005357, Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja;
                Award ID: APVV-17-0477
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Pavol Jozef Šafárik University
                Award ID: VVGS-PF-2018-796
                Award Recipient :
                The study was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0477), Scientific Grant Agency (VEGA1/0346/18) and grant providing by the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (VVGS-PF-2018-796). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Geomorphology
                Topography
                Landforms
                Caves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Processes
                Speciation
                Species Delimitation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Processes
                Speciation
                Cryptic Speciation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                New Species Reports
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                New Species Reports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biogeography
                Phylogeography
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Biogeography
                Phylogeography
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Biogeography
                Phylogeography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Population Genetics
                Phylogeography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Population Genetics
                Phylogeography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Phylogeography
                Earth Sciences
                Geomorphology
                Topography
                Karst Features
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Population Genetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Population Genetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Custom metadata
                All the new sequences are available in GenBank (accession numbers for D. muranensis: MN727813 – MN727820 and for D. kratochvili: MN727821 – MN727844).

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