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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

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      Glomerular Extracellular Matrix Accumulation in Experimental Anti-GBM Ab Glomerulonephritis

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          Abstract

          Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) results from excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins following glomerular injury. We studied the temporal relationship between the expression of growth factors, ECM accumulation, ECM degrading proteinases, and their inhibitors in a rat model of anti-GBM antibody (Ab) glomerulonephritis (GN) by the RNase protection assay and immunohistochemistry. There were two- or fourfold increases in the expression of transforming growth factor-β<sub>1</sub> (TGF-β<sub>1</sub>) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A and B chain mRNAs 4 days after anti-GBM Ab administration. These changes were temporally associated with increased accumulation of α1(III) and α2(IV) collagens, fibronectin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan along the GBM. The increase in matrix accumulation was associated with little or no increases in the proteinases, urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) and transin, respectively. There was a 1.6× increase in the u-PA/28s mRNA ratio on day 4 in rats with anti-GBM Ab GN, but this was not associated with an increase in u-PA biologic activity. By comparison, the mRNAs of the proteinase inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) were 5× greater than that of control rats on day 4. PAI-1 mRNA correlate with increased biologic activity. These data demonstrate a temporal association between TGF-β<sub>1</sub> and PDGF expression and matrix accumulation within the GBM in anti-GBM Ab GN. In addition, it suggest that this matrix accumulation results from an imbalance between matrix synthesis and degradation.

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          Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in matrix remodeling.

          The matrix metalloproteinases are a tightly regulated family of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix and basement membrane components. Recent evidence suggests that these proteases and their specific inhibitors play important roles in normal developmental processes and in pathological conditions. Interestingly, experiments designed to improve our understanding of metalloproteinase regulation have also resulted in new insights into mechanisms by which growth factors and proto-oncogenes may regulate biological processes.
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            Suppression of experimental glomerulonephritis by antiserum against transforming growth factor beta 1.

            Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix within the damaged glomeruli, impaired filtration and proteinuria. In its progressive form, the disease destroys kidney function leading to uraemia and death, unless dialysis therapy or kidney transplantation is available. The pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis is incompletely understood, but the eliciting factor is thought often to be an immunological injury to mesangial and/or other resident cells in the glomeruli. We have used an animal model of acute mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis to show that this disease is associated with increased production and activity of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), an inducer of extracellular matrix production. Here we report that administration of anti-TGF-beta 1 at the time of induction of the glomerular disease suppresses the increased production of extracellular matrix and dramatically attenuates histological manifestations of the disease. These results provide direct evidence for a causal role of TGF-beta 1 in the pathogenesis of the experimental disease and suggest a new approach to the therapy of glomerulonephritis.
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              Stimulation of the chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor beta

              Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a potent chemoattractant in vitro for human dermal fibroblasts. Intact disulfide and perhaps the dimeric structure of TGF-beta is essential for its ability to stimulate chemotactic migration of fibroblasts, since reduction with 2-ME results in a marked loss of its potency as a chemoattractant. Although epidermal growth factor (EGF) appears to be capable of modulating some effects of TGF-beta, it does not alter the chemotactic response of fibroblasts to TGF-beta. Specific polyvalent rabbit antibodies to homogeneously pure TGF-beta block its chemotactic activity but has no effect on the other chemoattractants tested (platelet-derived growth factor, fibronectin, and denatured type I collagen). Since TGF-beta is secreted by a variety of neoplastic and normal cells including platelets, monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes, it may play a critical role in vivo in embryogenesis, host response to tumors, and the repair response that follows damage to tissues by immune and nonimmune reactions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEF
                Nephron
                10.1159/issn.1660-8151
                Nephron
                S. Karger AG
                1660-8151
                2235-3186
                2000
                January 2000
                19 January 2000
                : 84
                : 1
                : 40-48
                Affiliations
                Departments of aImmunology, and bVascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif., USA
                Article
                45537 Nephron 2000;84:40–48
                10.1159/000045537
                10644907
                a46627fb-069e-4876-9cdd-fa829cb096e5
                © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, References: 43, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Plasminogen activator,Glomerulonephritis,Proteinase inhibitors,Growth factors,Extracellular matrix

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