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      A Longitudinal Study of Memory Advantages in Bilinguals

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          Abstract

          Typically, studies of cognitive advantages in bilinguals have been conducted previously by using executive and inhibitory tasks (e.g. Simon task) and applying cross-sectional designs. This study longitudinally investigated bilingual advantages on episodic memory recall, verbal letter and categorical fluency during the trajectory of life. Monolingual and bilingual participants ( n = 178) between 35–70 years at baseline were drawn from the Betula Prospective Cohort Study of aging, memory, and health. Results showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at the first testing session and across time both in episodic memory recall and in letter fluency. No interaction with age was found indicating that the rate of change across ages was similar for bilinguals and monolinguals. As predicted and in line with studies applying cross-sectional designs, no advantages associated with bilingualism were found in the categorical fluency task. The results are discussed in the light of successful aging.

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          Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task.

          Ellen Bialystok, Fergus I M Craik, Raymond W. Klein … (2004)
          Previous work has shown that bilingualism is associated with more effective controlled processing in children; the assumption is that the constant management of 2 competing languages enhances executive functions (E. Bialystok, 2001). The present research attempted to determine whether this bilingual advantage persists for adults and whether bilingualism attenuates the negative effects of aging on cognitive control in older adults. Three studies are reported that compared the performance of monolingual and bilingual middle-aged and older adults on the Simon task. Bilingualism was associated with smaller Simon effect costs for both age groups; bilingual participants also responded more rapidly to conditions that placed greater demands on working memory. In all cases the bilingual advantage was greater for older participants. It appears, therefore, that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
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            Children's Brain Development Benefits from Longer Gestation

            Elysia Davis, Claudia Buss, L. Tugan Muftuler … (2011)
            Disruptions to brain development associated with shortened gestation place individuals at risk for the development of behavioral and psychological dysfunction throughout the lifespan. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the benefit for brain development conferred by increased gestational length exists on a continuum across the gestational age spectrum among healthy children with a stable neonatal course. Neurodevelopment was evaluated with structural magnetic resonance imaging in 100 healthy right-handed 6- to 10-year-old children born between 28 and 41 gestational weeks with a stable neonatal course. Data indicate that a longer gestational period confers an advantage for neurodevelopment. Longer duration of gestation was associated with region-specific increases in gray matter density. Further, the benefit of longer gestation for brain development was present even when only children born full term were considered. These findings demonstrate that even modest decreases in the duration of gestation can exert profound and lasting effects on neurodevelopment for both term and preterm infants and may contribute to long-term risk for health and disease.
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              Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.

              Ellen Bialystok, Fergus Craik, Gigi Luk (2008)
              Ninety-six participants, who were younger (20 years) or older (68 years) adults and either monolingual or bilingual, completed tasks assessing working memory, lexical retrieval, and executive control. Younger participants performed most of the tasks better than older participants, confirming the effect of aging on these processes. The effect of language group was different for each type of task: Monolinguals and bilinguals performed similarly on working memory tasks, monolinguals performed better on lexical retrieval tasks, and bilinguals performed better on executive control tasks, with some evidence for larger language group differences in older participants on the executive control tasks. These results replicate findings from individual studies obtained using only 1 type of task and different participants. The confirmation of this pattern in the same participants is discussed in terms of a suggested explanation of how the need to manage 2 language systems leads to these different outcomes for cognitive and linguistic functions. (c) 2008 APA
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Johan J. Bolhuis: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 September 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e73029
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
                [2 ]School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
                [4 ]Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
                [5 ]Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business and Economics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
                Utrecht University, The Netherlands
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: JKL PA PH L-GN. Performed the experiments: JKL PH. Analyzed the data: PH MJ JKL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: L-GN MJ. Wrote the paper: JKL PH MJ.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-13951
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073029
                PMC ID: 3762844
                PubMed ID: 24023803
                SO-VID: a47bc00f-b4a1-4a57-8242-9f50be9911b0
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 4 April 2013
                Date accepted : 17 July 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                The Betula Study is supported by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (grant number 1988-0082∶17, J2001-0682); Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (grant number D1988-0092, D1989-0115, D1990-0074, D1991-0258, D1992-0143, D1997-0756, D1997-1841, D1999-0739, B1999-474); Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences (grant number F377/1988–2000); Swedish Council for Social Research (grant number 1988–1990: 88-0082, 311/1991–2000); and the Swedish Research Council (grant number 345-2003-3883, 315-2004-6977). Jessica K. Ljungberg is supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (421-2011-1782) and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (2211-0505) and Pilar Andrés is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PSI2010-21609-C02-02). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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