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      Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable power source

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          Abstract

          Mechanical energy in vivo could be harvested by BD-TENG in a designed time frame.

          Abstract

          Transient electronics built with degradable organic and inorganic materials is an emerging area and has shown great potential for in vivo sensors and therapeutic devices. However, most of these devices require external power sources to function, which may limit their applications for in vivo cases. We report a biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator (BD-TENG) for in vivo biomechanical energy harvesting, which can be degraded and resorbed in an animal body after completing its work cycle without any adverse long-term effects. Tunable electrical output capabilities and degradation features were achieved by fabricated BD-TENG using different materials. When applying BD-TENG to power two complementary micrograting electrodes, a DC-pulsed electrical field was generated, and the nerve cell growth was successfully orientated, showing its feasibility for neuron-repairing process. Our work demonstrates the potential of BD-TENG as a power source for transient medical devices.

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          Most cited references26

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          Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films.

          Transparent, flexible and high efficient power sources are important components of organic electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this work, based on the principle of the previously demonstrated triboelectric generator, we demonstrate a new high-output, flexible and transparent nanogenerator by using transparent polymer materials. We have fabricated three types of regular and uniform polymer patterned arrays (line, cube, and pyramid) to improve the efficiency of the nanogenerator. The power generation of the pyramid-featured device far surpassed that exhibited by the unstructured films and gave an output voltage of up to 18 V at a current density of ∼0.13 μA/cm(2). Furthermore, the as-prepared nanogenerator can be applied as a self-powered pressure sensor for sensing a water droplet (8 mg, ∼3.6 Pa in contact pressure) and a falling feather (20 mg, ∼0.4 Pa in contact pressure) with a low-end detection limit of ∼13 mPa.
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            Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources.

            Solar cells are attractive candidates for clean and renewable power; with miniaturization, they might also serve as integrated power sources for nanoelectronic systems. The use of nanostructures or nanostructured materials represents a general approach to reduce both cost and size and to improve efficiency in photovoltaics. Nanoparticles, nanorods and nanowires have been used to improve charge collection efficiency in polymer-blend and dye-sensitized solar cells, to demonstrate carrier multiplication, and to enable low-temperature processing of photovoltaic devices. Moreover, recent theoretical studies have indicated that coaxial nanowire structures could improve carrier collection and overall efficiency with respect to single-crystal bulk semiconductors of the same materials. However, solar cells based on hybrid nanoarchitectures suffer from relatively low efficiencies and poor stabilities. In addition, previous studies have not yet addressed their use as photovoltaic power elements in nanoelectronics. Here we report the realization of p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) coaxial silicon nanowire solar cells. Under one solar equivalent (1-sun) illumination, the p-i-n silicon nanowire elements yield a maximum power output of up to 200 pW per nanowire device and an apparent energy conversion efficiency of up to 3.4 per cent, with stable and improved efficiencies achievable at high-flux illuminations. Furthermore, we show that individual and interconnected silicon nanowire photovoltaic elements can serve as robust power sources to drive functional nanoelectronic sensors and logic gates. These coaxial silicon nanowire photovoltaic elements provide a new nanoscale test bed for studies of photoinduced energy/charge transport and artificial photosynthesis, and might find general usage as elements for powering ultralow-power electronics and diverse nanosystems.
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              Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics.

              Electronics that are capable of intimate, non-invasive integration with the soft, curvilinear surfaces of biological tissues offer important opportunities for diagnosing and treating disease and for improving brain/machine interfaces. This article describes a material strategy for a type of bio-interfaced system that relies on ultrathin electronics supported by bioresorbable substrates of silk fibroin. Mounting such devices on tissue and then allowing the silk to dissolve and resorb initiates a spontaneous, conformal wrapping process driven by capillary forces at the biotic/abiotic interface. Specialized mesh designs and ultrathin forms for the electronics ensure minimal stresses on the tissue and highly conformal coverage, even for complex curvilinear surfaces, as confirmed by experimental and theoretical studies. In vivo, neural mapping experiments on feline animal models illustrate one mode of use for this class of technology. These concepts provide new capabilities for implantable and surgical devices.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                SciAdv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                March 2016
                04 March 2016
                : 2
                : 3
                : e1501478
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, PR China.
                [2 ]School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
                [3 ]School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332–0245, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. E-mail: zlwang@ 123456binn.cas.cn (Z.L.W.); zli@ 123456binn.cas.cn (Z.L.)
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-9581
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-2305
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5469-8235
                Article
                1501478
                10.1126/sciadv.1501478
                4783121
                26973876
                a4b51c46-4334-482d-a3ec-6bfdb269c1f9
                Copyright © 2016, The Authors

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 October 2015
                : 05 January 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: ID0EONAI4881
                Award ID: 31200702
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: ID0EPUAI4883
                Award ID: 31571006
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: "Thousands Talents" program for pioneer researcher and his innovation team;
                Award ID: ID0EQ2AI4882
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005090, Beijing Nova Program;
                Award ID: ID0EIABI4884
                Award ID: Z121103002512019
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles
                SciAdv r-articles
                Biomedical Engineering
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                Judith Urtula

                biodegradable,triboelectric nanogenerator,implantable medical devices,transient electronics,power source

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