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      Did ash fall from Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex affect ant abundance and richness in the Patagonian steppe?

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          Abstract

          Natural disturbances are important components of ecosystem dynamics. Large scale disturbances produced by volcanoes, have been poorly studied because of their low frequency, the lack of baseline studies due to their unpredictability, the impossibility of replication, and the difficulty of conducting long-term studies to monitor ecosystem recovery. The recent eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (June 2011), which produced an ash fall covering 24 million ha of Patagonia, provides a unique opportunity of studying this type of disturbance in areas with baseline data. The summer before the ash fall (2011) ant communities were characterized in areas of the Patagonian steppe which were later covered with 4 cm of fine ash. The aim of this study is to establish if ash deposition affected ant abundance, species richness and composition. In summers 2012 and 2013, sampling was repeated and data obtained were compared among years. Total ant abundance tended to be lower after the eruption, but species richness and composition were similar before and two seasons after the ash fall. The little effects on ant community is mainly a consequence of the timing of the eruption, ants' social nature, and ash thickness. The eruption occurred at the end of the autumn when ant activity was reduced due to low temperatures. Also, the potential mortality of outside workers during the acute deposition phase does not risk colony survival since they represent a small percentage of it. Ash thickness was probably not high enough to produce severe effects. Only four out of 13 species changed their incidence after the ash fall, three of them not until the second season, showing a delayed response. This was probably a consequence of indirect effects mediated by resource and environmental changes. Long-term effects on other species cannot be discarded.

          Translated abstract

          ¿Afectó la lluvia de cenizas del complejo volcánico Puyehue-Cordón Caulle la abundancia y riqueza de hormigas en la estepa patagónica?: Las perturbaciones naturales constituyen componentes fundamentales en la dinámica de los ecosistemas. Aquellas de gran escala, como las ocasionadas por huracanes y volcanes, han sido poco estudiadas debido a su baja frecuencia, la ausencia de información de base por su baja predictibilidad, la imposibilidad de replicación y la dificultad de realizar estudios a largo plazo que evalúen la recuperación de los ecosistemas. La reciente erupción del complejo volcánico Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (junio 2011) cuya lluvia de cenizas cubrió 24 millones de hectáreas de la Patagonia, brinda una oportunidad única para estudiar este tipo de perturbación con información de base. El verano previo a la erupción se caracterizaron las comunidades de hormigas en áreas de la estepa patagónica posteriormente cubiertas por 4 cm de cenizas finas. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer si la deposición de cenizas afectó la abundancia, riqueza y composición de hormigas. Durante los veranos 2012 y 2013 se repitió el muestreo y los datos fueron comparados entre años. La abundancia tendió a ser menor después de la erupción, pero la riqueza y composición de hormigas fueron similares antes y dos temporadas posteriores a la erupción. El escaso efecto se debe principalmente al momento de la erupción, a que las hormigas son insectos sociales y al espesor de la capa de cenizas. La erupción ocurrió a fines de otoño cuando la actividad de las hormigas es reducida por las bajas temperaturas. Aun habiendo existido mortalidad de obreras durante la deposición, éstas representarían un bajo porcentaje de la colonia, garantizando su supervivencia. Solo cuatro de 13 especies cambiaron su incidencia, tres de ellas recién en la segunda temporada. Este retardo en la respuesta podría estar mediado por cambios en los recursos y el ambiente. No se descartan posibles efectos a largo plazo en las otras especies.

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          Most cited references43

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          Statistical design and analysis for a 'biological effects' study

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            Long-term effects of frequent low-intensity burning on ant communities in coastal blackbutt forests of southeastern Australia

            Alan York (2000)
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              Effects of volcanic ash on the forest canopy insects of Montserrat, West Indies.

              The impact of ash deposition levels on canopy arthropods was studied on the West Indian island of Montserrat, the site of an ongoing volcanic eruption since 1995. Many of the island's natural habitats have been buried by volcanic debris, and remaining forests regularly receive volcanic ash deposition. To test the effect of ash on canopy arthropods, four study sites were sampled over a 15-mo period. Arthropod samples were obtained using canopy fogging, and ash samples were taken from leaf surfaces. Volcanic ash has had a significant negative impact on canopy arthropod populations, but the decline is not shared equally by all taxa present, and total population variation is within the variance attributed to other aboitic and biotic factors. The affected populations do not differ greatly from those of the neighboring island of St. Kitts, which has not been subject to recent volcanic activity. This indicates that observed effects on Montserrat's arthropod fauna have a short-term acute response to recent ash deposition rather than a chronic depression caused by repeated exposure to ash over the last decade.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ecoaus
                Ecología austral
                Ecol. austral
                Asociación Argentina de Ecología (Córdoba )
                1667-782X
                April 2014
                : 24
                : 1
                : 23-30
                Affiliations
                [1 ] CONICET
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional del Comahue Argentina
                Article
                S1667-782X2014000100004
                a4e4a76c-685c-44cc-b2ed-0a90dac02d21

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1667-782X&lng=en
                Categories
                ECOLOGY
                ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

                Ecology,Environmental studies
                Argentina,Desert,Formicidae,Natural disturbance,Volcanic eruption,Desierto,Erupción volcánica,Perturbación natural

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