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      First New World Primate Papillomavirus Identification in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil: Alouatta guariba papillomavirus 1

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          Abstract

          We report here the complete genome sequence of the first papillomavirus detected in a New World primate, howler monkey, Alouatta guariba clamitans papillomavirus 1 (AgPV1), from the Atlantic Forest in São Paulo State, Brazil.

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          Genomic diversity and interspecies host infection of alpha12 Macaca fascicularis papillomaviruses (MfPVs).

          Zigui Chen, Koenraad Van Doorslaer, Rob DeSalle … (2009)
          Alpha human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are among the most common sexually transmitted agents of which a subset causes cervical neoplasia and cancer in humans. Alpha-PVs have also been identified in non-human primates although few studies have systematically characterized such types. We cloned and characterized 10 distinct types of PVs from exfoliated cervicovaginal cells from different populations of female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) originating from China and Indonesia. These include 5 novel genotypes and 5 previously identified genotypes found in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) (RhPV-1, RhPV-a, RhPV-b and RhPV-d) and cynomolgus macaques (MfPV-a). Type-specific primers were designed to amplify the complete PV genomes using an overlapping PCR method. Four MfPVs were associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The most prevalent virus type was MfPV-3 (formerly RhPV-d), which was identified in 60% of animals with CIN. In addition, the complete genomes of variants of MfPV-3 and RhPV-1 were characterized. These variants are 97.1% and 97.7% similar across the L1 nucleotide sequences with the prototype genomes, respectively. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicate that these novel MfPVs cluster together within the alpha12 PV species closely related to the alpha9 (e.g., HPV16) and alpha11 species (e.g., HPV34), and all share a most recent common ancestor. Our data expand the molecular diversity of non-human primate PVs and suggest a recent expansion of alpha-PV species groups. Moreover, identification of an overlapping set of MfPVs in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques indicates that non-human primate alpha-PVs might not be strictly species-specific and may represent past interspecies infection.
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            Novel genital alphapapillomaviruses in baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) with cervical dysplasia.

            I Bergin, J Bell, Z. Chen … (2013)
            Genital Alphapapillomavirus (αPV) infections are one of the most common sexually transmitted human infections worldwide. Women infected with the highly oncogenic genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are at high risk for development of cervical cancer. Related oncogenic αPVs exist in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Here the authors identified 3 novel genital αPV types (PhPV1, PhPV2, PhPV3) by PCR in cervical samples from 6 of 15 (40%) wild-caught female Kenyan olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis). Eleven baboons had koilocytes in the cervix and vagina. Three baboons had dysplastic proliferative changes consistent with cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). In 2 baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV1, 1 had moderate (CIN2, n = 1) and 1 had low-grade (CIN1, n = 1) dysplasia. In 2 baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV2, 1 had low-grade (CIN1, n = 1) dysplasia and the other had only koilocytes. Two baboons with PCR-confirmed PhPV3 had koilocytes only. PhPV1 and PhPV2 were closely related to oncogenic macaque and human αPVs. These findings suggest that αPV-infected baboons may be useful animal models for the pathogenesis, treatment, and prophylaxis of genital αPV neoplasia. Additionally, this discovery suggests that genital αPVs with oncogenic potential may infect a wider spectrum of non-human primate species than previously thought.
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              Macaca fascicularis papillomavirus type 1: a non-human primate betapapillomavirus causing rapidly progressive hand and foot papillomatosis.

              Joongho Joh, Kelly Hopper, Koenraad Van Doorslaer … (2009)
              Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a group of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that cause mucosal or cutaneous neoplasia in a variety of animals. Whilst most papillomas will regress spontaneously, some may persist or undergo malignant transformation. In this study, aggressive, persistent and extensive warts were observed on the hands and feet of a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The presence of PV in the wart biopsies was identified by immunohistochemistry and PCR amplification of PV DNA. The genomic DNA of this PV was cloned and sequenced, and the PV was designated M. fascicularis papillomavirus type 1 (MfPV-1). Its genome was 7588 bp in length and the organization of its putative open reading frames (E1, E2, E6, E7, L1, L2 and E4) was similar to that of other PVs. MfPV-1 had a short non-coding region (NCR) of 412 bp. Molecular analysis of MfPV-1 genomic DNA classified it into the genus Betapapillomavirus, to which all epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)-type PVs belong. Diseases caused by PVs of the genus Betapapillomavirus are usually associated with natural or iatrogenic immunosuppression. The genomic characterization performed in this study showed that MfPV-1 clustered within the genus Betapapillomavirus and also contained EV-type-specific motifs in its NCR. Further characterization of this virus and its host interactions may allow us to develop a non-human primate model for human betapapillomaviruses, a genus populated by human PV types causing EV.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 August 2016
                Publication date Collection: Jul-Aug 2016
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00725-16
                Affiliations
                [a ]Section of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
                [b ]Section of Hepathology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Belém, Brazil
                [c ]Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
                [d ]Technical Division of Veterinary Medicine and Wildlife Management, Environment and Green Areas Secretary, São Paulo, Brazil
                [e ]Department of Pathology, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Faculty, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Edivaldo Costa Sousa Júnior, edivaldojunior@ 123456iec.pa.gov.br .
                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00725-16
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00725-16
                PMC ID: 4991698
                PubMed ID: 27540053
                SO-VID: a51f3275-caa5-43c0-81dd-3938090872f9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Silvestre et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

                History
                Date received : 1 June 2016
                Date accepted : 3 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 2, Words: 1118
                Categories
                Subject: Viruses
                Custom metadata
                cover-date July/August 2016

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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