ASL and susceptibility-weighted imaging contribution to the management of acute ischaemic stroke

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Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a central role in the early diagnosis of cerebral vascular events. Today, MRI is used not only for the detection of acute ischaemic lesions, but also to fine tune the diagnosis and improve patient selection for early therapeutic decision-making. In this perspective, new tools such as arterial spin labelling (ASL) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences have been developed. These MRI sequences enable noninvasive assessment of brain damage, providing important diagnostic and prognostic information: evaluation of cerebral parenchymal perfusion; detection and aetiological assessment of thrombi; ruling out differential diagnoses. After a brief recall of the fundamental basis of these sequences, this article proposes an update on their current contribution to the early management of stroke victims.

Teaching Points

• These noninvasive sequences provide essential information for early management of acute stroke.

• They can detect zones of parenchymal hypoperfusion.

• Susceptibility-weighted sequences provide information on thrombus localisation and composition.

• ASL can identify certain aetiologies of stroke mimics.

• Post-therapeutic ASL perfusion status predicts outcome.

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Most cited references 54

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MR imaging detection of cerebral microbleeds: effect of susceptibility-weighted imaging, section thickness, and field strength.

Brian Skehan, Laura-Jane Smith, Andrew S. Greenberg … (2009)

The emergence of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) as common MR imaging findings raises the question of how MR imaging parameters influence CMB detection. To evaluate the effects of modified gradient recalled-echo (GRE) MR imaging methods, we performed an analysis of sequence, section thickness, and field strength on CMB imaging properties and detection in subjects with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a condition associated with microhemorrhage. Multiple MR images were obtained from subjects with probable CAA, with varying sequences (GRE versus susceptibility-weighted imaging [SWI]), section thicknesses (1.2-1.5 versus 5 mm), and magnetic field strengths (1.5T versus 3T). Individual CMB were manually identified and analyzed for contrast index (lesion intensity normalized to normal-appearing white matter signal intensity) and diameter. CMB counts were compared between 1.5T thick-section GRE and thin-section SWI for 3 subjects who underwent both protocols in the same scanning session. With other parameters constant, use of SWI, thinner sections, and a higher field strength yielded medium-to-large gains in CMB contrast index (CI; Cohen d 0.71-1.87). SWI was also associated with small increases in CMB diameter (Cohen d <0.3). Conventional thick-section GRE identified only 33% of CMB (103 of 310) seen on thin-section SWI. Lesions prospectively identified on GRE had significantly greater CI and diameter measured on the GRE image than those not prospectively identified. The examined alternatives to conventional GRE MR imaging yield substantially improved CMB contrast and sensitivity for detection. Future studies based on these techniques will most likely yield even higher prevalence estimates for CMB.

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Susceptibility-weighted imaging is more reliable than T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo MRI for detecting microbleeds.

Richard Frayne, Stephen Smith, Saima Batool … (2013)

We investigated the sensitivity and reliability of MRI susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) compared with routine MRI T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo (GRE) for cerebral microbleed (CMB) detection. We used data from a prospective study of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (n=9; mean age, 71±8.3) and healthy non-cerebral amyloid angiopathy controls (n=22; mean age, 68±6.3). Three raters (labeled 1, 2, and 3) independently interpreted the GRE and SWI sequences (using the phase-filtered magnitude image) blinded to clinical information. In 9 cerebral amyloid angiopathy cases, the raters identified 1146 total CMBs on GRE and 1432 CMBs on SWI. In 22 healthy control subjects, the raters identified ≥1 CMBs in 6/22 on GRE (total 9 CMBs) and 5/22 on SWI (total 19 CMBs). Among cerebral amyloid angiopathy cases, the reliability between raters for CMB counts was good for SWI (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.87) but only moderate for GRE (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.52). In controls, agreement on the presence or absence of CMBs in controls was moderate to good on both SWI (κ coefficient ranged from 0.57 to 0.74 across the 3 combinations of rater pairs) and GRE (κ range, 0.31 to 0.70). A review of 114 hypointensities identified as possible CMBs indicated that increased detection and reliability on SWI was related to both increased contrast and higher resolution, allowing better discrimination of CMBs from the background and better anatomic differentiation from pial vessels. SWI confers greater reliability as well as greater sensitivity for CMB detection compared with GRE, and should be the preferred sequence for quantifying CMB counts.

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Histologic Analysis of Retrieved Clots in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Correlation with Stroke Etiology and Gradient-Echo MRI.

S.K. Kim, W. Yoon, T.S. Kim … (2015)

It is unclear whether clot composition analysis is helpful to predict a stroke mechanism in acute large vessel occlusion. In addition, the relationship between early vessel signs on imaging studies and clot compositions has been poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between clot composition and stroke etiology following mechanical thrombectomy and to investigate the effect of varied clot compositions on gradient-echo MR imaging of clots.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sébastien Verclytte:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-1904

0033 (0)3 20 87 51 48 , verclytte.sebastien@ghicl.net

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Insights Imaging

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Insights Imaging

Title: Insights into Imaging

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Electronic): 1869-4101

Publication date (Electronic): 7 November 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 7 November 2016

Publication date Collection: February 2017

Volume: 8

Issue: 1

Pages: 91-100

Affiliations

[1 ]Imaging Department, Lille Catholic Hospitals, Lille, France

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2165 6146, GRID grid.417666.4, Lille, France, , Lille Catholic University, ; Lille, France

Author information

Sébastien Verclytte http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-1904

Article

Publisher ID: 529

DOI: 10.1007/s13244-016-0529-y

PMC ID: 5265193

PubMed ID: 27822669

SO-VID: a5c11d43-34a9-4ffb-9e2c-cdbbe4370ed7

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

History

Date received : 13 June 2016

Date revision received : 19 September 2016

Date accepted : 3 October 2016

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging

Keywords: susceptibility-weighted imaging,arterial spin labelling,perfusion,stroke,mri

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging

Keywords: susceptibility-weighted imaging, arterial spin labelling, perfusion, stroke, mri

ASL and susceptibility-weighted imaging contribution to the management of acute ischaemic stroke

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Abstract

Abstract

Teaching Points

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Stroke MRI

Most cited references 54

MR imaging detection of cerebral microbleeds: effect of susceptibility-weighted imaging, section thickness, and field strength.

Susceptibility-weighted imaging is more reliable than T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo MRI for detecting microbleeds.

Histologic Analysis of Retrieved Clots in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Correlation with Stroke Etiology and Gradient-Echo MRI.

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