Acid-Base Balance in Uremic Rats with Vascular Calcification

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Abstract

Background/Aims: Vascular calcification (VC), a major complication in humans and animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), is influenced by changes in acid-base balance. The purpose of this study was to describe the acid-base balance in uremic rats with VC and to correlate the parameters that define acid-base equilibrium with VC. Methods: Twenty-two rats with CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) and 10 nonuremic control rats were studied. Results: The 5/6 Nx rats showed extensive VC as evidenced by a high aortic calcium (9.2 ± 1.7 mg/g of tissue) and phosphorus (20.6 ± 4.9 mg/g of tissue) content. Uremic rats had an increased pH level (7.57 ± 0.03) as a consequence of both respiratory (PaCO<sub>2</sub> = 28.4 ± 2.1 mm Hg) and, to a lesser degree, metabolic (base excess = 4.1 ± 1 mmol/l) derangements. A high positive correlation between both anion gap (AG) and strong ion difference (SID) with aortic calcium (AG: r = 0.604, p = 0.02; SID: r = 0.647, p = 0.01) and with aortic phosphorus (AG: r = 0.684, p = 0.007; SID: r = 0.785, p = 0.01) was detected. Conclusions: In an experimental model of uremic rats, VC showed high positive correlation with AG and SID.

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Most cited references 19

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Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives - a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes.

A S Levey, R. Atkins, J Coresh … (2007)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem. There is now convincing evidence that CKD can be detected using simple laboratory tests, and that treatment can prevent or delay complications of decreased kidney function, slow the progression of kidney disease, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Translating these advances to simple and applicable public health measures must be adopted as a goal worldwide. Understanding the relationship between CKD and other chronic diseases is important to developing a public health policy to improve outcomes. The 2004 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference on 'Definition and Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease' represented an important endorsement of the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative definition and classification of CKD by the international community. The 2006 KDIGO Controversies Conference on CKD was convened to consider six major topics: (1) CKD classification, (2) CKD screening and surveillance, (3) public policy for CKD, (4) CVD and CVD risk factors as risk factors for development and progression of CKD, (5) association of CKD with chronic infections, and (6) association of CKD with cancer. This report contains the recommendations from the meeting. It has been reviewed by the conference participants and approved as position statement by the KDIGO Board of Directors. KDIGO will work in collaboration with international and national public health organizations to facilitate implementation of these recommendations.

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Arterial stiffening and vascular calcifications in end-stage renal disease.

A P Guerin, G. M. London, S. Marchais … (2000)

Epidemiological studies have identified aortic stiffness as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In these patients, aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was associated with mediacalcosis, but the influence of arterial calcifications on the viscoelastic properties of large arteries was not well characterized. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the influence of arterial calcifications on arterial stiffness in stable haemodialysed patients. We studied 120 stable ESRD patients on haemodialysis. All patients underwent B-mode ultrasonography of common carotid artery (CCA), aorta, and femoral arteries to determine CCA distensibility, the elastic incremental modulus (Einc), and the presence of vascular calcifications. All patients underwent measurement of aortic PWV and echocardiogram. The presence of calcifications was analysed semiquantitatively as a score (0 to 4) according to the number of arterial sites with calcifications. Our observations indicate that arterial and aortic stiffness is significantly influenced by the presence and extent of arterial calcifications. The extent of arterial calcifications is in part responsible for increased left ventricular afterload, and is inversely correlated with stroke volume. The influence of calcifications is independent of the role of ageing and blood pressure. Arterial calcifications density increases with age, duration of haemodialysis, the fibrinogen level, and the prescribed dose of calcium-based phosphate binders. The results of this study showed that the presence of vascular calcifications in ESRD patients was associated with increased stiffness of large capacity, elastic-type arteries, like the aorta and CCA. The extent of arterial calcifications increased with the use of calcium-based phosphate-binders.

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End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System.

Joseph Collins, Robert N Foley (2007)

Patients with ESRD consume a vastly disproportionate amount of financial and human resources. Approximately 0.03% of the US population began renal replacement therapy in 2004, an adjusted incidence rate of 339 per million. Declining incidence rates were observed for most primary causes of ESRD and in most major demographic categories; the worry is that rates of diabetic ESRD continue to rise in younger black adults. Although diabetes and hypertension remain the most commonly reported cause of ESRD, rates of end-stage atherosclerotic renovascular disease seem to be on the rise in older patients. Although clinical care indicators, such as the proportion of hemodialysis patients using fistulas, continue to improve gradually, the proportion of patients overshooting target hemoglobin levels under epoetin therapy may be a source of concern. Survival probabilities have improved steadily in the US ESRD population since the late 1980s, which is remarkable when one considers the ever-expanding burden of comorbidity in incident patients. However, although first-year dialysis mortality rates have clearly improved since 1987, meaningful improvements do not seem to have accrued since 1993, in contrast to steady annual improvements in years 2 through 5. Although most of these findings are grounds for cautious optimism, the same cannot be said for issues of cost; reflecting the growth in the size of the ESRD population, associated costs grew by 57% between 1999 and 2004 and now account for 6.7% of total Medicare expenditures.

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Journal ID (publisher-id): NNE

Journal ID (pmc): NNE

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1664-5529

Title: Nephron Extra

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-5529

Publication date Subscription-year: 2014

Publication date Collection: May – August 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 02 July 2014

Volume: 4

Issue: 2

Pages: 89-94

Affiliations

^aDepartamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, and ^bIMIBIC, Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; ^cEscuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua

Author notes

*Escolastico Aguilera-Tejero, Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz km 396, ES-14014 Córdoba (Spain), E-Mail eaguilera@uco.es

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Publisher ID: 363298 Pmcid ID: PMC4130815 Other ID: Nephron Extra 2014;4:89-94

DOI: 10.1159/000363298

PMC ID: PMC4130815

PubMed ID: 25177336

SO-VID: a5fcd300-c456-481b-bdf3-1f4944fed82c

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Open Access License: This is an Open Access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC) ( http://www.karger.com/OA-license), applicable to the online version of the article only. Distribution permitted for non-commercial purposes only. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

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Acid-Base Balance in Uremic Rats with Vascular Calcification

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Karger: Nephrology

Most cited references 19

Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives - a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes.

Arterial stiffening and vascular calcifications in end-stage renal disease.

End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System.

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